Violence in the Media is Not to Blame for the Effect on Children Essay

The Effect of Violence in the Media on Children Television, movies, and depiction games ar a big part of childrens lives in todays technologically advanced society. However, there is a big controversy questioning the cause of these media outlets on children. Much of society claims to have proof for the belief that media violence affects children negatively. However, I am skeptical of the evidence that is stated to prove that claim. I tint that society has placed the blame on these mediums for the waste acts, however serious or trivial, that children commit way too easily, before they even begin to catch the parenting of todays society. Television, movies, and video games are not the primary causes for acts of violence and other villainys committed by kids. They are moreover singled out due to the violent images and plots that they depict which leads one to believe that since children view these violent scenes they will imitate unconditionally for lack of better judgment. When a kid commits a violent act, the crime is often blamed on the television program that the child watched, the movies the child saw, or the video game the child just played. But if one were to truly go about censoring television shows, cartoons should be censored first. People will run short trying to stop kids from viewing violent images such as shows like the Power Rangers or The Ninja Turtles. I do not mean that shows like this should be censored so a kid cant watch them. I think that by censoring the images it will just make kids want to pay heed them more. Kids are attracted to violence and if they cant see it on television or in movies, they will easily see it outside when they play at the playground or something. Violent television, movies and especially video games offer a way for kids to see what violence is without actually committing any crimes or hurting anyone. Before humans could see or engage in virtual violence, we watched or committed real violent acts. Take, for example, the ancient acts of the Romans. They would watch gladiators fight and kill each other before they could find their violent pastime in television. Most people wont admit that they like violence in television, movies, and video games, but I think that they offer a way to see the violence without actually hurting anyone. If we censor or ban it, we will be forced to find our violence elsew... ... is engulfed with opinion and restrictions on studies that are looking for a single answer, in most cases one that points the finger at violent media. But, if we can properly make parents and people certain with good information, we can start paying attention to the real problems, rather than television, movies, or video games. Our society would become much better overall as well. People are quick to blame violence in our society on television, movies, or video games because they are simple and easy targets. I think we have to stop looking at television for the cause of kids and vio lence and attack the real causes for the violence in our society. Violence in television, or movie, or video game will not make a kid kill someone else. A lot of kids watch violent images all the time, and only a very small percentage of them actually commit violent crimes. In conclusion, violence on television, movies, and video games is not the real problem. The problem is that we wrongfully blame these media sources for violent crimes and if we can get rid of this theory on this issue, then and only then do I believe that we can start solving the real problems of kids and violence in our society.

MP3 File Sharing Hurts America Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essay

MP3 buck Sharing Hurts the StatesBefore the present time of com mystifyers and various media player technology, trading harmony files on the internet was practically unheard of. Today MP3 medicament files have become file format that is widely swapped over the internet. The problem with trading MP3s is that it violates right of first publication laws. However, this hasnt stopped the tens of millions of file sharing softw atomic number 18 users who continue swap MP3s. MP3 piracy is a costly business for many companies, and the disadvantages outweigh the advantages of P2P file sharing. File sharing is a costly, illegal practice that hurts not only the consumers, but the artists as well. MP3 is a relatively new form of piracy, only being approximately for about ten years. The fact that the MP3 format takes up as little as one megabyte for a one minute clip, makes it an attractive remembering factor for pirates. And with the CD-R and CD-RW drives, people can convert MP3 files t o common CD format, burn to a CD, and play in any CD player, and be earreach to a mix of their favorite songs within a half hour of downloading the song. With MP3 players becoming more and more popular options in cars, you can burn MP3 files outright to a CD without converting to a standard audio file and have over six hours of music on a single CD It is estimated that such illegal product costs the music industry more than 300 million dollars a year domestically. This is why the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) is taking a strong stance against MP3 piracy. The damage done to the recording industry in lost profits, increased prices, and lost jobs is overwhelming. In an attempt to put a damper on file swapping, and recapture lost revenue the RIAA has been suing people ... ... released in January that surveyed 1,358 Internet users in late fall found the come up of Americans downloading music dropped by half from six months earlier, with 17 million fewer peopl e doing it nationwide. I find that to be an impressive figure. The damage done to the music industry as well as genuine consumers of the music industry is huge. Online pirates are costing the music industry millions and millions of dollars in lost revenue. The chances of these pirates being caught are constantly increasing. Even though the anti-piracy organizations have made considerable progress, their current anti-piracy methods will not completely stop online piracy. Until these organizations can increase copyright protection, and declare the uneducated pirates who believe their points are valid, they will be fighting an up hill battle, no matter how many lawsuits they file.

Janes Psychological Problems in Charlotte Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpape

Janes Psychological Problems in Charlotte Gilmans The chickenhearted WallpaperIn Charlotte Gilmans short story The Yellow Wallpaper, Jane, the main character, is a good example of Sigmund Freuds Studies In Hysteria. Jane suffers from symptoms such as story making and daydreaming. Jane has a nervous weakness throughout the story. Jane is a victim of a nervous disorder of the brain called hysteria. She is aware that she suffers from a series of mental and physical disturbances. She says that she has a temporary nervous depression -- a slight hysterical tendency- what is one to do?(2). According to Freud hysteria is a nervous disorder that causes violent fits of laughter, crying, and imagination. It is a lack of self-control. Jane experiences some of these symptoms. Her imagination takes all over her personality a number of times. There are three examples where her creative imagination literally takes over her personality. The first is when she is describing to the reader the que stionable nursery. The second instance is her way of talking about The Yellow Wallpaper. The third is the remarkable ending, where she seems to lose herself in her rebellion against her husband John. Janes nervous weakness comes over her several(prenominal) times throughout the story, and in the context of Freuds analysis of hysteria I will distinguish her problems (10). One problem is that Jane describes to the reader the so-called nursery, yet she is actually talking about her bedroom with the barred windows. Jane states, The windows are barred for little children, and there are sound and things in the walls(4). I think that she imagined that the rings were a game of some sort for the children that would play in the nursery. In reality, the pu... ...kept on creeping just the same, but I looked him over my shoulder(20). This goes to translate that the woman that creeps was Jane all along. At the end of the story, she completely releases herself in her rebellion against John. Sh e says, Ive got out at last, said I, in spite of you and Jane. And Ive pulled off most of the paper, so you cant put me back(20). Jane talks in the third person because of the result of her nervous weakness. From her imagination of the so-called nursery, the woman, the yellow wallpaper and talking in the third person it is clear that she has serious psychological problems. Works CitedBreuer, Joseph and Sigmund Freud. Studies In Hysteria. Boston Nervous and Mental sickness Publishing, 1950. Gilman, Charlotte. The Yellow Wallpaper and Selected Stories. The Yellow Wallpaper. 1892. New York Doubleday Dell, 1989. 1-20.

The History of Puerto Rican Migration :: Historical Puerto Rico Immigration Essays

The History of Puerto Rican Migration Through give away the twentieth century Puerto Rican immigrants have played a major office in the United States labor force, cultural identity, and in politics. From the 1920s, when the cigar makers waged their union battles, attracting the attention of other trade unions to Puerto Rican workers. Today the Puerto Rican Political Action Committee of Connecticut (PRPAC) is a major player in state politics, by supporting candidates and getting the Puerto Rican community involved in the elections of the state, but also the city of Hartford. In the Memoirs of Bernardo Vega A Contribution to the History of the Puerto Rican Community in New York, Vega talk about finding a voice for the laborers of the city and fighting for equal opportunity for all told workers. In Jose Cruzs Identity and Power Puerto Rican Politics and the Challenge of Ethnicity, he talks about in todays society how Puerto Ricans must catch ones breath together in the battle to be heard by the government. As a result of disagrees against the imprisonment of Eugene V. Debs, a massive wear broke out in July of 1919. The strike stopped all cigar production in New York City, slowly spreading throughout the United States. Quickly unions began to see the importance of the Puerto Rican worker. This strike had many benefits for Puerto Rican workers. Soon after, Puerto Rican laborers began to enjoy the same wages and hours as other immigrant workers from other countries. However, the most not equal result of the cigar makers strike was that for the first time Puerto Rican delegates were able to participate in the meetings of the union members.The cigar makers strike led to other strikes by different Puerto Rican laborers to call the attention of their owners to the fact that the Puerto Rican labor force was a meeting that was not going to be pushed around. On December 2, 1922 the Liga Puertorriquena was formed. Composed of an array of social, intellectual groups t hat had never before taken up the position of the workers struggle, Liga Puertorriquena was the first major effort to unify the concerns of the entire community. This new group now had the backing of the Puerto Rican community to make their voice heard in the city. Puerto Ricans were now able to protest and have an impact on what was going on both in the community and back on the island.

Experiencing Pain Essay example -- Health, Philosophy, Personal Experi

Most would agree that pain is an emotion we want to avoid however, experiencing pain has the potential for insight, knowledge, and a new understanding of lifetime that whitethorn not have been in realization. Through experiencing or living with pain, a proper understanding of economic value plenty perhaps be brought to things that may not have been valued in a pain free life. Because of pain, the authorized meaning of life, what it is like to live, and the value of oneself and others is to be within ones control. incommode is a destructive force, yet it can strengthen the mind and the spirit. As stated in Virginia Woolfs essay on Being Ill, the true beauty of the people and the real beauty of the earth can be seen through the eyes of those who are in pain. Also according to Woolf, pain can lead to spiritual divinity. From my understanding, the power of prayer to some people is not in belief until pain has overtaken the body of oneself or of a loved one. Pain seems to open the eyes of those who have not correctly lived their lives. Small things in life are regularly overlooked due to the busy and determined travel oriented lifestyles. The joys of life come through the detail of the small gestures given or received. The golden rule of treat others the way you want to be treated, is outstanding for people who want to lead a happy life. Until he was deathly ill, Ivan Ilyich, the main character in The Death of Ivan Ilyich, never appreciated the small things in life. His focus was narrowed to one topic. Ivan make work the center gravity of his life (50). Before anything else, including his marriage, Ivans work and analyzing way of living was of first priority. uncomplete Ivan nor his friends valued one another. Ivans family and friends treated Ivan ... ...ckily, she survived and my passenger and I survived with minor injuries. Not a day goes by where I do not count on about what happened, but I know it happened for a reason. Getting through this painful situation made me a stronger willed person. Taking things for granted is what I do not do. I truly value my life and my familys lives. A life can be taken away at any second. tolerant thanks for the joy and love in life is something that needs to be done daily. Material items are replaceable, but what is irreplaceable is a human being. Memories made will last a lifetime, but the physical presence of a loved one will be gone. The best advice is to live life to the fullest and value the sentimental belongings, especially family and friends. Pain is not an ease, but it helps ease the minds of those who are most important with respect and insight to value.

Experiencing Pain Essay example -- Health, Philosophy, Personal Experi

Most would agree that pain is an emotion we indigence to avoid however, experiencing pain has the potential for insight, knowledge, and a natural understanding of life that may not have been in realization. Through experiencing or spiritedness with pain, a proper understanding of value can possibly be brought to things that may not have been valued in a pain free life. Because of pain, the true meaning of life, what it is like to await, and the value of oneself and others is to be inside ones control. Pain is a destructive force, yet it can strengthen the mind and the spirit. As stated in Virginia Woolfs essay on Being Ill, the true beauty of the people and the real beauty of the earth can be seen through the eyes of those who are in pain. Also harmonize to Woolf, pain can lead to spiritual divinity. From my understanding, the power of prayer to some people is not in belief until pain has overtaken the body of oneself or of a loved one. Pain seems to open the eyes of thos e who have not correctly lived their lives. Small things in life are regularly overlooked due to the invade and determined career oriented lifestyles. The joys of life come through the detail of the small gestures given or received. The golden rule of treat others the way you want to be treated, is important for people who want to lead a happy life. Until he was deathly ill, Ivan Ilyich, the main character in The Death of Ivan Ilyich, never appreciated the small things in life. His focus was narrowed to one topic. Ivan made work the center gravity of his life (50). Before anything else, including his marriage, Ivans work and analyzing way of living was of first priority. Neither Ivan nor his friends valued one another. Ivans family and friends treated Ivan ... ...ckily, she survived and my passenger and I survived with minor injuries. Not a day goes by where I do not think about what happened, but I know it happened for a reason. Getting through this painful situation ma de me a stronger willed person. Taking things for allow is what I do not do. I truly value my life and my familys lives. A life can be taken away at any second. Giving thanks for the joy and love in life is something that needs to be done daily. Material items are replaceable, but what is irreplaceable is a human being. Memories made will last a lifetime, but the physical presence of a loved one will be gone. The best advice is to live life to the fullest and value the sentimental belongings, especially family and friends. Pain is not an ease, but it helps ease the minds of those who are most important with respect and insight to value.

Love in Romeo and Juliet Essay

There argon Many types of Love in Romeo and Juliet. Write as Much as you can About the Different Views of Love Shakespeare Gives us. Shakespeare demonstrates many different types of sock throughout his construct Romeo & Juliet. Shakespeares views on dear reflect the time stopover in which it was written. Romeo and Juliet was written in 1595 with the plot taken from Arthur Brooks poem The Tragic on the whole Historye of Romeus and Juliet which was written in 1562. Shakespeare exposes Juliets parents as being unkind, callous and nasty.This is revealed through their actions and behavior towards Juliet. Capulet starts in the play by being acting as a nice father and protects Juliet by telling capital of France that he can non marry Juliet as she is too young, Juliet was aged either 13 or 14 and it was usual to marry early because life expectancy was short. This we realise was just an act because in the time period fathers were just the providers and they never really showed love for their sons/daughters. This is sh consume when we get to Act 3 Scene 5 and Capulet changes his mind and decided that Juliet exit promptly get married to Paris.This was because in the time period it was common for fathers to choose their daughters saves from a pool of possible suitors. This is because Capulet thinks the wedding will guess her happy by and by the stopping point of her cousin Tybalt, as she has really been upset nigh Romeos banishment. However when Juliet informs Capulet that she would non like to get married to Paris and her parents get quite angry with skirt Capulet saying that I would the fool were married to her grave. Juliet then goes on to beg that she does not fatality to have a bun in the oven to marry Paris and then Capulet replies, Hang thee young baggage, disobedient wretch .Implying that she will marry Paris or her family might abandon her and wish her dead. This would have been because of the fact that daughters belonged to their fathers and wi ves to their daughters and they could do with them what they wanted. However in the Montague household the Montagues, treat Romeo differently because in Act 1 Scene 1 when he has disappeared all morning Lady Montague fears that something may have happened to him, O where is Romeo, saw him you today? she could likewise fear that he could be in danger. This is how the reader expects all parent and child relationships to be not like how they are in the Capulet family.Then we do not really see Romeos parents again until Act 3 Scene 1 where they stand up for their son by saying that he shouldnt be killed because he killed the person that should have been killed any office. If the Capulets had acted like this about Juliet would she have been different, maybe she would have wanted to marry Paris and not betray her parents. By the end of the play, Romeo only has his father at his funeral because his mum had died of grief of Romeo being banished. Shakespeare also has her death on the same night that Romeo kills himself so Montague has to deal with double loss.Also it is Montague that first offers to have a statue of Juliet made so in a way he must feel partly responsible and then Capulet follows because maybe he doesnt want to be seen as the bad guy still. Mercutio has loving love for Romeo however, he is willing to tease him, for example, when he makes Romeo go to the Capulet party even though he does not want to go. In addition, this is exposed when he decides to fight Tybalt instead of Romeo, who does not desire to. Maybe he sees love as always being there for someone and doing things that they do not want or cannot do.The restrain loves Juliet by helping her find Romeo, her true love, and she helps organise their wedding. She also comes up with ways to sneak Juliet out or Romeo in. By doing this, she betrayed Capulet and Lady Capulet who had no idea what she was up to. This is because The Nurse and Juliet have a greater and closer relationship then Juliet and Lady Capulet because The Nurse brought Juliet up as her own. When it did penchant the wormwood on the nipple of my dug and felt it bitter this implies that the Nurse had to breast feed and wean Juliet because Lady Capulet refused to do it.Since the Nurse brought Juliet up her own dumbfound feels uncomfortable in a room with Juliet unless the Nurse is there. This is shown in Act 1 Scene 3 when she says she would like a private word with Juliet and calls the Nurse straight back into the room. This is mainly due to the fact that parental relation ships with children arent as strong as they are now. Therefore this would be why Juliet would tell the Nurse about her love for Romeo because she respects her more than her mother as the Nurse gives her more motherly love.However in Act 3 Scene 5 the Nurse abandons Juliet and her love for Romeo by taking Lord and Ladys Capulets side for why she should marry Paris and she tells Juliet Romeo is banished, and all the world to nothing that he d ares neer come back to challenge you. Which is bad enough to hear that your husband wont come back to claim you as his, but she cant leave it alone. Next she tells Juliet Your first is dead, or twere as good he were as biography here and you no use of him. This means she thinks Juliet should marry Paris because she wont see Romeo again even though he is Juliets husband and true love.Shakespeare reveals Romeos love for Rosaline is really infatuation by the language Romeo uses. We can tell this because when he talks about her he uses oxymorons. Shakespeare used these oxymorons, O brawling love, loving hate heavy lightness feather of lead bright smoke cold fire sick health to show Romeos confusion about if he really loves Rosaline. Compared to when he talks about Juliet he talks in Sonnet form because Sonnets were used to traditionally used for expressing ones love. Maybe Romeo just wanted Rosaline because he couldnt have her and she didnt want him.Benvolio and Mercutio have to try to talk Romeo out of this crush so they make him go to the Capulet party when he meets Juliet so it turns out to be a good thing. Shakespeare shows the love between Romeo and Juliet through their language. This includes sonnets, images and religious symbols that they use when they talk to each(prenominal) other. Shakespeare uses these features to show that Romeo and Juliets feelings are true love. Their love is short lived because throughout the play there becomes a lack of communication, when Romeo gets banished to Mantra so they both end up killing themselves. Sometimes they feel the same at the same time.This is shown when Romeo is banished because in Act 3 scene 2 Juliet is really upset and then in scene 3 Romeo is as upset as Juliet was in scene 2. Also Romeo wants to know if Juliet hates him because he killed her cousin and does she really want him round to neglect their wedding night together? He then almost repeats what Juliet said about whats in a name in act 2 scene 2, R omeo then goes crazy and threatens to cut his name out of himself with a dagger so that he and Juliet can be together happily. Paris love for Juliet is quite real. He really has feelings for Juliet and he is willing to put up a fight for her.When he is told that she is too young he replies Younger than she are happy mothers made. Paris is saying this as it is almost having a dig at Capulet because Lady Capulet would have been around Juliets age when she had Juliet. He also get quite excited when he hears that Juliet will marry him and when she turns up at Friar Lawrences cell he starts calling her my lady and my married woman but Juliet wont have any of it. She refuses to answer his questions and wishes to not really spend time with him as she knows that she isnt going to marry him because she will do anything to get out of that marriage.This was due to the fact that Juliet was too modern to survive in a late medieval society as she did not want to be bound by the rules and did not like being told what she had to by everyone. She would have rather lived by her own rules and make her own decisions. The love shown through each character represents their personality and several people might have not wanted others to be happy in love or find their own love. This may have been forced into a marriage or are still alone but they resent others finding their own happiness.

Cjs 200 Week 8 Violent Behavior Response

fiery Behavior Response Casie Thibeault CJS 200 November 23, 2012 University of Phoenix Violent Behavior Response In todays society the behavior of bunkos continues to get worse. Many inmates in prisons chip in lurid behavior because they feel they have nothing to live for any more(prenominal) especially when they get life in prison without parole. To many inmates they feel like it does not matter what they do because they are never going to leave prison anyway. Many prisons have gangs and when one first gets to prison they are told of all the rules that other inmates have made.The price for fault these rules can be anywhere from having to beat up the biggest bad guy in toss away to show ones dominance to having things taken from them. Many inmates will hold back up their food, money and even personal items just to be accepted or to not get hurt. Violent behavior among inmates and the prison staff is to a fault a problem. Inmates tend to have attitude towards the staff becaus e the staff holds them responsible for their crimes and expects them to follow the prison rules.Some inmates end up having relationships with the guards and the guards may let them do what they want as long as they get a cut of whatever the inmate may be doing illegally. Usually as long as an inmate gets their way then they will be friendly with the staff members. Many staff members treat the inmates with celebrate and the enjoy is returned. I believe if the staff treats the inmates with respect and not like scum because of their crime this also helps stop violent behavior.Some of the strategies for responding to violent behavior are to put one who has violent behavior in solitary confinement, adding more time to their sentence that they have, or even loosing privileges such as going outside to receiving mail from friends and family. Most people who are incarcerated fag outt want to be there any longer than they have to and they just want to serve out their sentence without havi ng any problems. The more violent ones behavior is will determine how much longer their sentence will last.If a prisoner has violent behavior all the time they are more likely to be incarcerated longer than they need to be. If the inmates had things to do, and could take classes and earn a degree or do something with their life while they are in jail it would give them hope for when they are free. I truly believe that it is all based on respect. If the inmates can learn to respect one another and respect the staff that is only doing their jobs, the prison system would have less violent behavior going on.

Admission Essay Writing

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Bullfrog Essay

Rana Catesbeiana (Bull toad) Essay I was amazed to find unwrap just how ancient frogs are. For 190 million years, the ancestors of modern frogs have roamed the earth, looking much the same as they do today. This means that at one date when there was a huge dinosaur eating a plant, there could have been some type of frog down by its feet. About 3,800 species of frogs and toads have certain since the dinosaur days. The secret to their success is their amazing adaptability. Frogs have evolved to live in a large variety of climates.They dope be found just about anywhere there is fresh water- on all continents except Antarctica. Though they thrive in warm, moist tropical climates, frogs also live in deserts and spicy on 15,000-foot mountain slopes. They can be so adapt adequate to(p) because they are cold blooded, which means that their body temperature can change along with the temperature some them. When temperatures drop, some frogs dig burrows underground or in the mud at the bottom of ponds. They hibernate in these burrows until spring, perfectly lock and scarcely breathing.A frogs flake also plays a big role in their survival. It is through their shinny that they both drink and breathe. Frogs dont swallow water they commove all the moisture they necessitate through their skin, which must stay moist. If it dries out, oxygen cant pass easily through it and the frog can suffocate. Frog skin secretes mucus that helps keep it moist. Even so, their skin tends to dry out easily, which is why they usually stay near bodies of water. About once a week, frogs shed their skin. The process begins with the frog doing a lot of twisting, bending, and stretchiness to loosen the old skin.Then the frog pulls the skin over its head like a sweater and usually eats it. Two other parts of the frog have helped it to survive all these years as well. First, the hind legs of the frog, which enable some frogs to jump twenty times their body length. This would allow them to quickly get away from any predators. A frogs two front legs have four toes each, while the back legs have five toes each. Most aquatic frogs have web back feet to help them swim, another way to get away from an enemy. Frogs that live on land tend to have shorter legs for walking and climbing, but are still able to swim in water.The other part of the body that help them survive so long are their big, bulging eyes, as they are able to forgather in all directions. Frogs large eyes see a wide range of colors and also see well in fatal light. This not moreover increases their chances of surviving a predator, but also decreases the ability of their prey to get away. Since they have such big eyes, they are able to see their own prey and target them for food. It has been found that when a frog sticks out its tongue to catch an insect or other food source, it briefly closes its eyes.The frog must therefore, know exactly where its target is, and aim, before the tongue leaves the mouth. T he positioning of the eyes, on top of the head, allows a frog to sit in the water with only its eyes and nose above the surface, so they do not have to leave the water for food. Frogs eat almost any live prey they can find, including insects, snails, spiders, and worms, or small fish. Their tongue is long and sticky and takes less than a second to roll out, stick to prey, and roll back into the frogs mouth.Their mating call is sometimes called an advertisement call. It is made by the male in the water and which helps the females to identify with her species. Each species has a different type of mating call. This is rough to decipher around a pond of noisy frogs. When they mate, the male frog climbs onto females back, grasping her with his front legs. As the female lays her eggs, usually into water the male release sperm that fertilizes them. on that point may be anywhere from one to hundreds or thousands of soft, jelly-covered eggs.The eggs hatch within three to twenty five days, and few will survive the difficult trip to adulthood. Among most frogs, a tadpole will hatch and spend the next few years growing into a frog. The changes begin when the hind legs sprout. before long after, lungs develop and the front legs appear. Meanwhile, the tail gradually shrinks. Just before becoming a frog, the tadpoles gills disappear. The tiny froglet emerges from the water with just a stump of a tail, which currently disappears. The observations that I took did little justice to the complexity of Rana Catesbeiana, the bullfrog.Frogs have been living on this Earth for millions of years and have perfected their lifestyle throughout that time. The astonishment of these creatures is that they can survive well in nature, but can also be house pets for children to play with and learn from. There are myths that have touch frogs and superstitions that have risen over the years. One that comes to mind is that if you kiss a frog, you will get a wart. Like many superstitions and legends, no one knows for certain(predicate) where that one came from, but watching these little amphibians, I highly doubt that they could do any harm.

Critical Article Review Essay

The author of Be Sure Youre Right, Then Go Ahead The Davy Crockett Gun furiousness is by Sarah Nilsen. The subroutine of the expression is to give detail of how Davy Crockett became the emblem that was known for guns and coon skin hats. The author does not specifically identify the purpose of the article. The purpose is well stated in the detail given some how the legend became a legend and what part Walt Disney played in it. The war, families, television shows, toy makers, and any other company that could profit from Davy Crockett and The Wild line played a major character reference in making Davy such a legend.A discover point from the article are how the NRAs involvement played a role in making gunplay acceptable. NRAs reliance on the media to digest its political agenda. Disney became more than than a wholesome childs entertainment industry. Disney joined with NRAs vision on linking the historical past on the role of a gun. The joining of NRA and Disney was a radical ch ange happening that would not only change the way a culture and the public think about childhood gunplay, but the opinion of the media, parents, what is right or wrong, etc. Being that it was Disney, they aligned childs play and gunplay by connecting it to an American Frontier Hero.Another key point from the article was The National Rifle Association. The National Rifle Association of America Headquarters in Fairfax, Virginia, where the National Firearms Museum recreates past history. By showing gun history in America and highlighting how the gun helped to form the United States and became the icon for American identity helped to make gunplay more acceptable. Wall paper, furnishings, toys, games, clothes, were all used to promote gunplay. Steer horns, coonskin hats, rifles, and gun holsters were in adult bedrooms. The article said specifically, the 1950s represented a power point in which the immense popularity of the television western was instrumental in making the gun into an es sential part of American childhood.The author listed imaging after resource to prove the influence that Davy Crockett had in gunplay becoming a normal and natural thing. Some of the resources that he listed was Life Magazine, Davy Crockett King of the Wild Frontier, Disneyland, ABC Davy Crockett in Indian Fighter, Davy CrockettGoes to Congress, Davy Crockett at the Alamo, The Ballad of Davy Crockett, Davy Crockett mambo, books, newspapers, comics, Davy Crockett says.In contradiction to anti-hunting and anti-gun films like Bambi, Disney was transformed by two main events. One being the strike at the studio in 1941, and the second being Disneys enlistment of the entire studio for military use during World War II. Sarah Nilsen informs us that by 1943 Disney was producing most of the films for the Navy, forces and other Government agencies. She also says By 1945, Disney was proclaiming that the generation that used the motion picture to help train its fighters and its workers into t he mightiest nation in history, is not apt to bring down the motion picture as an essential tool in the labor of enlightenment, civilization and peace.Sarah Nilsen reports from Bogart that a child of a police officer asked his mystify for real bullets because his sister didnt die for real with the fake ones. That one statement to me was a real wake up to how we got to where we are today. My opinion of this article is that Sarah Nilsen hit it on the head that the Government as well as big names, that were probably influenced by the Government, had and still has a big impact on the way that history is recreated and told to the generation of today. The step that Disney made back in the 1950s to start promoting gunplay may have very much so been the open door that the world needed to start wars not only in our own countries, but also in our own families and homes, just like the innocent small child that asked his father for real bullets.That Disney and other avenues led them to believ e that they were supposed to not only pretend to shoot but that they could do it for real and no one would get hurt or that suppose that someone actually did get shot for real that it was alright for them to die for real. The jut of they really never die had to be in their heads because what did they see on television. I liked the article by Sarah Nilsen about Davy Crockett and how he became such a legend and how popular not only an icon can become but the idea that the icon represents as well.

Stability of Characters in to Build a Fire and the Tell Tale Heart

Henry James argues that a character is only as interesting as their responses to a crabby situation, can be supported by using any written works that a student may encounter, given that the written report has at least(prenominal) one character. I intend to prove that the instability of the main characters in each story will ultimately be their downfall. The story To Build a send word by Jack capital of the United Kingdom is about a globe struggle with nature and his inability to trust his hu gentle globes gentle slicekindity instinct, and In Edgar Allen Poes story The Tale-Tell Heart is about a man who proclaims he is not crazy but plans and executes the murder of an old man.In the beginning of To build a Fire the man realizes how cold the weather is outside but he only sees this as a fact and not a threat to his health. Jack London writes As he turned to go on, he spat speculatively. There was a sharp, explosive crackle that startled him. He spat again. And again, in the air , in front it could fall to the snow, the spittle crackled in the air. Undoubtedly it was colder than fifty below-how much colder he did not know. But the temperature did not matter. (120) This is one example where the main character ignores his human instinct and doesnt bring items that would coer his face and cheekbones.Also read The Story of an Eyewitness Essay AnalysisAny man with common sentience knows to bring the right items for the journey if hes going to be traveling in weather that will be colder than fifty degrees below zero. bit on this misstep the man is accompanied by a cover that follows the man on his unadvised journey. The hound functions its natural instinct to outlive the man on this trip. The dog is a native husky and I believe represents pure instinct in this story in which the man doesnt use at all. The dog knows to bite the ice off of his feet so that they do not become frozen from the harsh conditions.He buries himself in the snow when the man cannot start a fire because his hands be too cold to pull his matches out of his pocket. With the dogs keen since of smell he knows when the man is dying and understands that the man wants to kill the dog so that he can insert his hands inside the dogs carcass to warm him up. In this environment the dog is actually smarter than the man because he uses his natural instincts to stay warm and keep himself alive. In The Tale-Tell Heart the narrator in which is assumed to be a man takes care of n old man who I perceived to be rich. For some strange reason, the narrator was obsessed with the old mans optic. It was open- considerable, wide open-and i grew furious as I gazed upon it. I saw it with perfect distinctness- all a dull blue with a hideous veil over it that chilled the very marrow in my bones but I could see nothing else of the old mans face or person for I had directed the ray as if by instinct, precisely upon the damned spot. (414) The old man was going to be murder for his pale blu e eye. For seven back-to-back nights at midnight the eye was closed.It wasnt until the eight night when the narrator accidently woke the old man up and once the narrator saw that blue eye he began to grow furious and knew that that was the night he had to kill the old man. Normal people would have a look of disgust on their face afterward committing a murder, but the narrator smiled and then would try and convince himself that he was not mad. After murdering the old man the narrator begins to hear voices in his head. Those voices told him the eye was evil, and that he was doing the right thing. He would also hear a groan of terror many nights at midnight.The narrator could also hear the old mans heart, even after he had been murdered. It is impossible to hear a persons heartbeat with the naked ear. He also thought the law of nature officers were laughing at his horror of the heartbeat. The voices caused him to murder, and then caused him to give into the police when he easily cou ld have gotten away with it. These two main characters both have obstacles to smite in their own ways. In To Build a Fire the main character is fighting and resisting the obvious signs that tell him he should not make the trip in that inclement weather but proceeds anyway.I believe that the man is so arrogant that it makes him ignorant. It seemed to me that the man felt like he was bigger and better than anyone on this planet and not even nature could endanger him. For that very reason was why the man could not make it to his destination, but the dog in which he tried to kill not only survived but also made it to the destination. In The Tale-Tell Heart instead of a fight with nature the narrator is fighting with the voice inside his head or yet another personality.I believe that by day the narrator was a natural man who really cared about taking care of the old man, but by night his alter ego would kick in and basically let loose control of his mind. That is why the story keeps g oing back and forth with trying to convince the reader of his sanity. Although both of the stories are different, the main character mind frames are both fragile and unstable. The may not be fighting the same fight but they are fighting something whether it be nature or the voices in there head. Throughout both of the stories the characters do thing that make the reader wonder. It just goes to show how unstable each character is.

Assess the Contribution of Functionalism to Our Understanding of Families and Households

Contributing what they have to offer to families and households is almostthing that movealists seem to do in a variety of ways. Functionalism is a consensus theory (as stated in Item A). This means that it argues society is built on a consensus, or a general agreework forcet amidst members on how society should be ordered and organised. They see that family is one of the pivotal social institutions (which be parts in society involved in the socialisation process) along with mass media, education and peer group). Functionalism looks at the family functions and jobs that they perform.The functionalist George Murdock believes that the nuclear family is universal, therefore meaning that its found worldwide, and that is the best family font/institution for performing the 4 functions that functionalists believe are the foundations of successful families. Sexual function (Staying with one sexual partner and fulfilling their sex drive, this is beneficial as it avoids conflict. ) Economi c function (administering food and shelter for members of your family, this is positive as it protects them and keeps them healthy). Reproductive function (Delivering the afterlife generation, beneficial so that humans dont die out).Educational function (Whereby you teach your offspring the norms and values in society this being profitable as your children will then be concured into things such as education and will begin the education process of further things). A strength of Murdocks effort implies how the nuclear family operates functions to benefit both the individuals and society. This means that it is positive for everyone, and has a gratifying effect on everyone. However a weakness would be that he also ignores that other families (such as step families, extended families etc. ).This means that he doesnt take into account that they can also perform some of the functions. This is negative because it suggests that his ideas arent completely thorough or fair. Talcott curates disputes that there is such thing as a functional fit (the idea that the functions the family performs and the dominant vitrine of family in a society are skeletond by the require of that society) between society and the family, and depending on the type of society the family is in, that has an effect on the shape the family takes (for example, what type the family is, nuclear, etc. ). So the family changes as society does.Parsons claims that the main type of family in pre-industrial society was the extended family, which is groups of people either related by marriage, blood, or adoption thats outside the nuclear family it can be extended vertically via grandparents etc. or horizontally (aunties, uncles, etc. ) However the main type of family in industrial society is the nuclear family (which is parents and children). Parson also believes that there is such thing as social mobility where your family can easily move some the class system however this can cause conflict, due to as cribed and achieved statuses your family.For example, a child gets a higher job than one of its parents (i. e. plumber and doctor). To prevent this conflict, the second generation moves out to start their own nuclear family. Another mobility would be geographical mobility, whereby you can move around more easily due to the family but being small. Another thing Parson believes is that over time family has lost functions due to other social institutions, such as the education function, whereby before the kids would nonplus at home, and the parents would teach them things they thought were important (i. . mothers- daughters cooking etc. fathers- sons hunting). However the family still performs two functionsPrimary socialisation, this is where you learn norms and values off your parents, and stabilisation of bounteous personalities, (aka the warm bath theory) this is where the family is classed as a place to relax and de-stress after work. A strength of Parsons ideas is that it shows how the families change to meet the means and needs of society. This means that is can account for things such as how the families do change and patterns for the change.An example of what it backs up would be the organic analogy (the idea that social institutions are the organs to keep us going and that the people are the skin). This is positive because it gives us a deeper understanding on family. However a weakness of Parsons beliefs would be that it only looks at the middle class, American families. This means you cannot generalize it to anyone out of those categories. It also is historically incorrect and thinks woman should be homemakers, notwithstanding men need to work.This is negative because again it isnt as detailed and explained as it should be in order for us be able to accept it. Concluding, Parsons and Murdocks ideas suggest how the family functions and how it benefits society and family members, yet it ignores the negative aspects of family life such as child abuse or violence to men/women. There are also other conflicts between other ideas such as Marxists believing that the family only benefits the working class, and feminists believe that families only benefit men.

Questions: International Trade Theory

Chapter 05 Inter home(a) pile possibility True / False Questions 1. (p. 161) Propagated in the 16th and 17th centuries, mer washbasintilism advocated that countries should discourage both imports and merc overturnises. fancied AACSB analytic BT noesis impediment detached learning fair game 5-1 subject field An Overview of art hypodissertation 2. (p. 161) needy parcel out matchs to a situation where a government attempts to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens potful taint from an bleak(prenominal) res publica, or what they can lay down and sell to an other(a) country. chimerical AACSB uninflected BT intimacy clog behind learnedness target 5-1 theme An Overview of calling possibility 3. (p. 61) Proposed in 1776, David Ricardos conjecture was the start to apologise why unrestricted let loose workmanship is beneficial to a country. unreason adequate to(p) AACSB uninflected BT companionship encumbrance considerably study obje ctive lens 5-1 study An Overview of pile conjecture 4. (p. 161) gibe to Adam Smith, the invisible render of the market mechanism, rather than government policy, should de limitine what a country imports and what it exports. received AACSB analytic BT friendship barrier tripping attainment quarry 5-1 radical An Overview of Trade possibleness 5. (p. 161) Nineteenth snow English economist David Ricardo popularized a laissez-fair stance of government towards shell out.FALSE AACSB analytical BT noesis obstacle docile nurture accusatory 5-1 egress An Overview of Trade guess 6. (p. 162) The great strength of the theories of Smith, Ricardo, and Heckscher-Ohlin is that they identify the specific benefits of planetary conduct. TRUE AACSB analytic BT fellowship obstacle effortless(prenominal) teaching prey 5-1 takings An Overview of Trade Theory 7. (p. 162) A countrys economy would accomplish only if its citizens deal mathematical intersections that argon mad e in that country. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT acquaintance bar blue-blooded learnedness design 5-1 return An Overview of Trade Theory 8. p. 163) During the 1980s, economist such as Paul Krugman essential what has come to be known as the new heap possibleness. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT association difficultness sluttish information preciselyt 5-1 affair An Overview of Trade Theory 9. (p. 164) The first theory of inter subject field hatful emerged in England in the mid-16th century. Referred to as the theory of comparative reward, its principle boldness was that gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to vigorous commerce. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT friendship worry voiced Learning design 5-2 Topic commercialism 0. (p. 164) The main tenet of mercantile system was that it was in a countrys best interests to maintain a craft surplus. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT acquaintance encumbrance well-fixed Learning intent 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 11. (p. 165) Zero-sum game refers to a situation in which an economic gain by one country results in an economic loss by another. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge fuss well-heeled Learning butt 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 12. (p. 165) A positive-sum game refers to a situation in which major industrial nations can benefit even if some of them are able to benefit more(prenominal) than others.FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge fuss palmy Learning accusive 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 13. (p. 165) If a country is more efficient than both other country in the doing of a convergence, it has what is known as definitive reward in the mathematical product of that product. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge clog diffused Learning intention 5-2 Topic unquestioning vantage 14. (p. 165) In his 1776 landmark volume, The Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith supported the mercantilist sup present that craftsmanship is a zero-sum game. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge obstruction Easy Learning accusive 5-2Topic arbitrary payoff 15. (p. 165) tally to Adam Smith, countries should constrict in the payoff of goods for which they have an absolute reinforcement and then transaction these for goods shitd by other countries. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge impediment Easy Learning accusing 5-2 Topic dogmatic service 16. (p. 167-168) Ricardos theory of private-enterprise(a) return says that it is logical for a country to specialize in the yield of goods that it produces about efficiently and to export goods that it produces less efficiently. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge clog Easy Learning purpose 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 17. (p. 170) The basic message of the theory of comparative gain is that potential introduction production is great with unrestricted free trade than it is with restricted trade. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge fuss Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic relative reinforcement 18. (p. 170) Smiths theory suggests that consumers in all nations can consum e more if in that respect are no restrictions on trade. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge problem Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative service 19. (p. 70) Ricardos theory is so powerful that it remains a major intellectual weapon for advocates of free trade. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative receipts 20. (p. 170-171) Nobel Prize-winning economist Paul Samuelson argued that contrary to the metre interpretation, in certain stack the theory of comparative receipts predicts that a rich country cogency actually be worsened off by switching to a free trade governing with a poor country. TRUE AACSB pensive view BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3Topic Comparative return 21. (p. 171) embracing a free trade regime for an march on economy often implies that the country impart produce less of some persistence-intensive goods and more of some knowledge-intensive goods, TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowled ge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative prefer 22. (p. 172) The comparative favor model assumed that trade does not change a countrys stock of resourcefulnesss or the efficiency with which it utilizes those resources. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative utility 23. (p. 74) A study over the 1950-1998 accomplishment revealed that countries that liberalized their trade regimes experienced, on average, increases in their annual assumeth rates of 15 percent compared to preliberalization times. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative reinforcement 24. (p. 175) Despite the short adjustment costs associated with gaining a free trade regime, trade would seem to produce a greater economic growth and exalteder living standards in the long run, just as Ricardos theory hints us to expect. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty EasyLearning Objective 5-3 Top ic Comparative Advantage 25. (p. 176) Factor endowments refer to the extent to which a country is endow with such figures as land, labor, and capital. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 26. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory would predict that the get together States should be a primary importer of capital goods. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 27. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory has been one of the least influential in international economics.FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 28. (p. 176) Most economists choose the Heckscher-Ohlin theory to Ricardos theory beca design it sterilizes fewer simplifying assumptions and it has been subjected to umteen empirical tests. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 29. (p. 177) Wassily Leontiefs theory of the product deportment-cycle was based on the observation that for or so of the 20th century, a very(prenominal) large proportion of the worlds new products were demonstrable by foreign nations and sold in he U. S. market. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The harvest-feast Life-Cycle Theory 30. (p. 177) Vernon argued that ahead of time in the life cycle of a typical new product, while solicit is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, entreat in other advanced countries is available to all income groups. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 31. (p. 178) Historically, the product life-cycle theory seems not to be an accurate explanation of international trade grades. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT KnowledgeDifficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 32. (p. 178) Viewed from an Asian or European p erspective, Vernons argument that most new products are developed and introduced in the United States is ethnocentric. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 33. (p. 180) The new trade theory began to emerge in the mid-seventies when a bend of economists pointed out that the ability of firms to attain economies of exceed might have grand implications for international trade. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty EasyLearning Objective 5-2 Topic naked as a jaybird Trade Theory 34. (p. 180) In industries where economies of exceed are authorised, both the classification of goods that a country can produce and the crustal plate of production are curb by the size of the market. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 35. (p. 184) In sum, door guards argument is that the layer to which a nation is likely to reach international success in a certain i ndustry is a function of the combined impact of factor endowments, interior(prenominal) bring conditions, related and backing industries, and omit of domesticated help rivalry.FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-4 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters adamant 36. (p. 185) fit to Porter, advanced factors are the most real for war-ridden advantage. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 37. (p. 188) According to Michael Porter, factor endowments can be affected by subsidies, policies toward capital markets, and policies toward education. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-4Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 38. (p. 189) The individual firm should confide substantial financial resources in trying to build a first-mover, even if that means several old age of losses in the lead a new venture beco mes profitable. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on Managerial Implications 39. (p. 189) Because of their pivotal role in international trade, dutyes are at the mercy of government trade policy. FALSE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on Managerial Implications 40. (p. 90) According to Porters theory of national competitive advantage, a firm should locate in upgrading advanced factors of production because it is in the best interest of commerce for a firm to do so. TRUE AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on Managerial Implications Multiple Choice Questions 41. (p. 161) Which of the avocation is best identified by saying it is the absence of government-imposed barriers to the free flow of goods and services between countries? A. sinless trade B. Mercantilism C. fabianism D. Market system AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty EasyLearning O bjective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 42. (p. 161) _____ refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can cloud from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country. A. Mercantile trade B. free trade C. Clear commerce D. Unencumbered commerce AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 43. (p. 161) David Ricardo advanced the A. new trade theory. B. product life-cycle theory. C. comparative advantage theory. D. factor endowment theory. AACSB AnalyticBT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 44. (p. 161) The theory of comparative advantage, advanced by _____, is the intellectual basis of the modern argument for unrestricted free trade. A. Michael Porter B. David Ricardo C. Bertil Ohlin D. Adam Smith AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 45. (p. 162) How do countries economies gain from international trade? A. Country can specialize in the manufacturing of products that are produced most efficiently in other countries. B. Citizens should misdirect only those roducts that are produced domestically. C. Since it is of interest to domestic producers, countries benefit from international trade. D. Countries can import products that can be produced more efficiently in other countries. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty intermediate Learning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 46. (p. 162) With their prox threatened by imports, _____ textile companies and their employees have tried hard to persuade the government to limit the importation of textiles by takeing quotas and tariffs. A. Chinese B. Indian C. Japanese D. U. S. AACSB Analytic BT KnowledgeDifficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 47. (p. 162-163) clime and natural resource endowments explain why al l of the next happen bar A. Brazil exports coffee. B. Iceland exports oranges. C. China exports crawfish. D. Saudi Arabia exports oil. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 48. (p. 164) Propagated in the 16th and 17th centuries, _____ advocated that countries should simultaneously encourage exports and discourage imports. A. ethnocentrism B. capitalism C. socialism D. mercantilismAACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 49. (p. 164) Which of the avocation statements most accurately captures the main tenet of mercantilism? A. It is in a countrys best interests to not export products to less developed countries. B. It is in a countrys best interests to import products that are most efficiently produced at home. C. It is in a countrys best interests to import less specialized goods than to attempt to get in them at home. D. It is in a countrys best interests to maintain a tr ade surplus, to export more than it imports. AACSB wistful opinionBT cognizance Difficulty modal(a) Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 50. (p. 164) Considered to be the first theory of international trade, _____ principal assertion was that gold and silver were the mainstays of national wealth and essential to vigorous commerce. A. collectivisms B. mercantilisms C. capitalisms D. economic conservatisms AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 51. (p. 164) Which of the following is NOT consistent with the central beliefs of mercantilism? A. Government should intervene to discover a surplus in the balance of trade.B. Policies should be put in place to minimize exports and maximize imports. C. Imports should be limited by tariffs and quotas. D. Exports should be subsidized. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 52. (p. 165) The flaw with mercantilism was that it viewed trade as a A. zero-sum game. B. mutually beneficial activity. C. nonessential economic activity. D. threat to a governments independence. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 53. (p. 165) A situation in which a gain by one party results in a loss by nother is called A. economic independence. B. an unrestricted trade. C. a zero-sum game. D. trade surplus. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Mercantilism 54. (p. 165) The theory of _____ was advanced by Adam Smith. A. absolute advantage B. comparative advantage C. new trade D. mercantilism AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Absolute Advantage 55. (p. 165) A country is noted as having a(n) _____ in the production of a product when it is more efficient than any other country in producing that product. A. comparative advantage B. onsumer advantage C. competitive advantage D. absolute advantage AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Diffi culty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Absolute Advantage 56. (p. 165) According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for which they have an absolute advantage and then A. retain these goods for strictly domestic sales. B. trade these goods for the goods produced by other countries. C. sell these goods to the highest domestic or international bidder. D. prohibit the import of these goods from other countries. AACSB reflective cerebration BT inclusion Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2Topic Absolute Advantage 57. (p. 167) In his 1817 book entitled The Principles of Political Economy, _____ introduced the theory of comparative advantage. A. Adam Smith B. David Ricardo C. Raymond Vernon D. Max Weber AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Comparative Advantage 58. (p. 167-168) A situation in which a country specializes in producing the goods it produces most efficiently and buys the products it produces less efficien tly from other countries, even if it could produce the good more efficiently itself is referred to as A. comprehensive advantage. B. pertinent advantage.C. comparative advantage. D. absolute advantage. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Comparative Advantage 59. (p. 170) To an even greater degree than the theory of absolute advantage, the theory of _____ suggests that trade is a positive-sum game in which all gain. A. marrow advantage B. mercantilism C. comparative advantage D. enigmaical advantage AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 60. (p. 170) _____ theory suggests that consumers in all nations can consume more if there are no restrictions on trade.A. Porters B. Vernons C. Samuelsons D. Ricardos AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 61. (p. 170) Comparative advantage is based on assuming away A. the effect of trade on income distribution within a country. B. invariable returns to scale. C. that the resources can move freely from the production of one good to another. D. that free trade does not change the efficiency with which the countries use their resources. AACSB brooding idea BT intuition Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 2. (p. 170-171) _____ argued that contrary to the standard interpretation, in certain circumstances the theory of comparative advantage predicts that a rich country might actually be worse off by switching to a free trade regime with a poor nation. A. Raymond Vernon B. Andrew Warner C. Paul Samuelson D. Jeffery Sachs AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 63. (p. 171) Which of the following is an issue with the constant returns to specialness assumption? A. Constant returns to specialization imply a concave PPF. B.Constant returns to specialization suggest that the gains from specializa tion are likely to be exhausted before specialization is complete. C. It is feasible for a country to specialize to a point where the resulting gains from trade are outweighed by lessen returns. D. Resources are of different quality and hence more units are required to produce each excess unit. AACSB reflective thinking BT wisdom Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 64. (p. 171) In comparative advantage, the assumption is that resources can move freely from production of one good to another.Why is this assumption unrealistic? A. The process of shifting resources from one good to another eliminates valet de chambre suffering. B. The benefit of free trade is much lesser compared to the cost of shifting resources. C. The process of moving resources causes friction and human suffering. D. Resources move easily from one economic activity to the other. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 65. (p. 171) The gains from trade once the transition toward free trade has been made A. eliminates human suffering. B. auses resources to easily shift between economic activities. C. is lesser than the cost of shifting resources. D. are both significant and enduring. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 66. (p. 173) What would be the consequences of dynamic gains in both the stock of a countrys resources and the efficiency with which resources are utilized? A. It will cause the countrys PPF to be in a bell-shaped curve. B. The country can produce more goods than it did before free trade. C. Dynamic gains would lead to an outcome that is beneficial under all circumstances.D. The country will achieve constant returns to specialization. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 67. (p. 173) What was Samuelsons criticism of free trad e? A. He argued that in some circumstances, dynamic gains can lead to an outcome that is beneficial for the country. B. He argued that offshoring service jobs that were traditionally mobile will increase the market glade wage rate. C. He favored introducing protectionist measures to guard against the theoretical harmful effects of free trade. D.He argued that being able to purchase groceries 20 percent cheaper at Wal-Mart does not necessarily make up for the wage losses. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 68. (p. 174) _____ and _____ created a measure of how open to international trade an economy was and then looked at the relationship between bareness and economic growth for a sample of more than 100 countries from 1970 to 1990. A. Ricardo Smith B. Warner Sachs C. Porter Vernon D. Samuelson Ohlin AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty EasyLearning Objective 5-3 Topic Comparative Advantage 69. (p. 176) Ac cording to the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, the ideal of international trade is persistent by differences in A. productivity. B. political interests. C. factor endowments. D. national priorities. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 70. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory A. argued that comparative advantage arises from differences in national factor endowments. B. argues that differences in labor productivity between nations underlie the notion of comparative advantage. C. redicts that countries will import goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally abundant. D. is less favored than Ricardos theory because it makes many simplifying assumptions. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 71. (p. 176) Which theory predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing g oods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce? A. Smith-Ricardo B. Vernon-Samuelson C. Heckscher-Ohlin D. Carrier-Roller AACSB AnalyticBT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 72. (p. 176) Which of the following statements is a fair comparison of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory and the Ricardo theory of free trade? A. Both theories argue that the regulation of international trade is determined by currency exchange rates. B. Unlike Ricardos theory, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory argues that the pattern of international trade is determined by differences in factor endowments, rather than differences in productivity. C. Both theories argue that the pattern of international trade is determined by constant returns to specialization.D. Unlike the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, Ricardos theory makes fewer simplifying assumptions. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 73. (p . 176) According to the text, most economists prefer the Heckscher-Ohlin theory to Ricardos theory because A. it makes fewer simplifying assumptions. B. it predicts trade patterns with greater accuracy. C. Ricardos theory is less accurate overdue to the Leontief paradox. D. many of the empirical tests have raised questions about the validity of Ricardos theory. AACSB Reflective thinking BT ComprehensionDifficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 74. (p. 176) The Heckscher-Ohlin theory has a(n) _____ appeal. A. political B. commonsense C. economic D. cost efficiency AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 75. (p. 176) Contrary to what the Heckscher-Ohlin theory would predict, the United States has been a primary importer rather than an exporter of capital goods. This phenomenon is referred to as the _____ paradox. A. Theler B. Leontief C. Cormier D. Ricardo AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy L earning Objective 5-2Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 76. (p. 176) What is a possible explanation for observing the Leontief paradox? A. The U. S. imports goods that heavily use skilled labor and innovative entrepreneurship. B. The U. S. has a special advantage in producing new products made with innovative technologies. C. The U. S. exports heavy manufacturing products that use large amounts of capital. D. The U. S. has a strong absolute advantage over all other foreign nations because of its resource capabilities. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 77. (p. 76) Of the following, whose theory predicted that countries would export goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally abundant while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce? A. Ricardo B. Porter C. Leontief D. Heckscher-Ohlin AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-O hlin Theory 78. (p. 176) The _____ occurred due to the findings that U. S. exports were less capital-intensive than U. S. imports. A. theory of rising costs B. Leontief paradox C. theory of comparative advantage D. diminishing returns to specialization AACSB AnalyticBT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 79. (p. 177) David Ricardos theory of comparative advantage attempts to rationalize why some countries export automobiles, consumer electronics, and auto tools, while other countries export chemicals, watches, and jewelry. This rationalization is best explained in terms of A. absolute advantage in terms of resources. B. international differences in labor productivity. C. the proportions in which the factors of production are available. D. the cultural histories of the exporting nations. AACSB Reflective thinking BT ComprehensionDifficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 80. (p. 177) Raymond Vernon proposed the prod uct life cycle in the mid-1960s. Vernon argued that two factors gave the U. S. firms a strong incentive to develop new consumer products. These two factors were _____ and A. low cost number of industries. B. market size types of competitors. C. wealth size of the U. S. market. D. low income groups low cost of U. S. labor. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 81. (p. 177) Vernons product life-cycle theory was based on the observation hat for most of the 20th century, a very large proportion of the worlds new products had been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the _____ market. A. Japanese B. Western European C. U. S. D. Canadian AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 82. (p. 177) Vernon argues that early in the life cycle of a typical new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries A. remains limited to high income groups. B. necessitates imports to the U. S. C. attracts manufacturing possibilities.D. limits exports from U. S. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 83. (p. 178) As the market in the U. S. and other advanced nations matures, the product becomes more standardized and price becomes A. governmentally regulated. B. greater. C. un heavy. D. the main competitive weapon. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 84. (p. 178) Which of the following has historically been noted as being an accurate explanation for international trade patterns?A. Product life-cycle theory B. Absolute advantage theory C. Competitive advantage theory D. Heckscher-Ohlin theory AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 85. (p. 178) According to the text, historically the product-life-cycle theor y is a(n) A. relevant theory in the modern world. B. accurate explanation of international trade patterns. C. example of culturally relative theories. D. without any weakness. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 86. (p. 78) Which of the following theories might better explain why certain agents are produced in certain locations and why the concluding product is assembled elsewhere? A. New trade B. Comparative advantage C. Heckscher-Ohlin D. Product life-cycle AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 87. (p. 180) The _____ theory began to emerge in the 1970s when some economists pointed out the ability of firms to attain economies of scale might have important implications for international trade. A. equilibrise trade B. Heckscher-Ohlin C. new trade D. product life-cycleAACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic New Trade Th eory 88. (p. 180) _____ are unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output. A. Comparative advantages B. Factor endowments C. Economies of scale D. Diminishing returns AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic New Trade Theory 89. (p. 180) Because of substantial economies of scale, the _____ theory argues that trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers. A. comparative advantage B. product life-cycle C. new trade D. Heckscher-Ohlin AACSB Analytic BT KnowledgeDifficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic New Trade Theory 90. (p. 180) Which of the following theories argues that due to the presence of substantial scale economies, world demand will support only a few firms in many industries? A. Heckscher-Ohlin B. Leontiefs paradox C. Product life-cycle D. New trade AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic New Trade Theory 91. (p. 180) The new trade theory points out that through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and A. edit the volume of the goods produced. B. eliminate competition.C. lower the costs of the goods. D. reduce the quality of the goods produced. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 92. (p. 180) If a national market is teensy-weensy, there may not be enough demand to enable producers to realize _____ for certain products. A. high volumes B. economies of scale C. low unit costs D. competitive price AACSB Analytic BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 93. (p. 181) Which of the following is NOT an indicator of why trade is considered to be mutually beneficial to those involved in it?A. It allows for specialization. B. It allows for production of products at higher prices. C. It affords realization of scale economies. D. It affords production of a larger variety of products. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 94. (p. 181) The economic and strategic advantages that accrue to early entrants in an industry are called A. first-mover advantages. B. comparative advantages. C. factor endowment advantages. D. first-stage benefits. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3Topic New Trade Theory 95. (p. 181) What of the following is an advantage that first-movers enjoy? A. Benefit from a high cost structure. B. A zero-sum game due to lack of competition. C. Capture scale economies ahead of later entrants. D. Increase trade barriers. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 96. (p. 181) According to the new trade theory, firms that establish a(n) _____ advantage with regard to the production of a particular new product may by and by surmount global trade in that product. A. omparative B. late entrant C. first-mover D. constant ret urn AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 97. (p. 182) The new trade theory is at variance with the _____ theory, which suggests that a country will predominate in the export of a product when it is particularly well endowed with those factors used intensively in its manufacture. A. Heckscher-Ohlin B. product life-cycle C. comparative advantage D. Ricardo-Smith AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 98. (p. 83) In terms of first-mover advantages and international trade, who conducted a study suggestive of the existence of first-mover advantages as an important factor in explaining the dominance of firms from certain nations in specific industries? A. Alfred Chandler B. Michael Porter C. Adam Smith D. Hawker Siddley AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-4 Topic New Trade Theory 99. (p. 183) Considered by some to be the most contentious implication of the n ew trade theory is that it generates an argument for _____ and ______. A. high cost production high import tariffs. B. igh volume production low variety of goods. C. weak export entrepreneurship. D. government intervention strategic trade policy. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-4 Topic New Trade Theory 100. (p. 183) The theory of _____, developed by Michael Porter, focuses on determining why some nations succeed and others fail in international competition. A. new trade B. absolute advantage C. comparative advantage D. national competitive advantage AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 01. (p. 183) What was the essential task of Michael Porters national competitive advantage? A. How do nations use their resources efficiently? B. Why does a nation achieve international success in a particular industry? C. How do countries gain first-mover advantages? D. Why has a large proportion of the worlds new products been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the U. S. market? AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 102. (p. 184) Porters suggested quartet attributes qualification up the diamond consist of factor endowments, relating and supporting industries, firm strategy and structure, and A. competitive advantage. B. mercantilism. C. constant returns to specialization. D. demand conditions. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 103. (p. 184) Which of the following indicate the presence or absence of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive? A. Factor endowments B. Firms structure and rivalry C. Relating and supporting industriesD. Demand conditions AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Compe titive Advantage Porters Diamond 104. (p. 184) According to Porters diamond, a nations position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to make do in a given industry is best referred to as A. capitalization. B. diminishing returns. C. factor endowments. D. relating industries. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 105. (p. 84) Porters thesis was that four broad attributes of a nation shape the environment in which local firms compete, and that these attributes promote or impede the creation of competitive advantage. All of the following are attributes shut A. factor endowments. B. first-mover advantages. C. firm strategy, structure, and rivalry. D. relating and supporting industries. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 106. (p. 184) Porter maintains that two additional variables can influence the national diamond in important ways.These two variables are _____ and ______. A. entrepreneurship, strategic trade policies. B. trade shortage, high import tariffs. C. absolute advantage PPF. D. vista government. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 107. (p. 185) In the context of factor endowments, which of the following are considered to be classed as advanced factors? A. Demographics B. Climate and location C. Natural resources D. Skilled labor AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 08. (p. 185) Porter argued that in terms of factor endowments, _____ factors are the most significant for competitive advantage in his study dealing with the competitive advantage of nations. A. constant B. basic C. advanced D. complementary AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 109. (p. 185) Porter argues that a nations firms gain competitive advantage if their domestic consumers are _____ and _______. A. sophisticated demanding. B. ethnocentric rich. C. accommodating uneducated. D. low skilled nationalist. AACSB AnalyticBT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 110. (p. 185) Michael Porter emphasizes the role home demand plays in upgrading A. competitive advantage. B. factor endowment. C. constant returns to specialization. D. production possibility frontier. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 111. (p. 185) Unlike the naturally endowed basic factors, advanced factors are a product of garbment by all of the following EXCEPT A. companies. B. governments. C. demographics.D. individuals. AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Compet itive Advantage Porters Diamond 112. (p. 187) In Porters model of competitive advantage, the fourth broad attribute is the strategy, structure, and rivalry of firms within a nation. Porter suggested that there is a strong association between _____ and the creation and persistence of competitive advantage in an industry. A. inflation B. vigorous domestic rivalry C. new government regulations and higher taxes D. new product tuition AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 113. (p. 187) Who argued that successful industries within a country tend to be grouped into clusters of related industries? A. Porter B. Vernon C. Ricardo D. Heckscher AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 114. (p. 187-188) Porter argues that the presence of all components is usually required for the diamond to boost A. international recognition. B. competit ive performance. C. corporate social responsibility. D. employee morale. AACSB Analytic BT KnowledgeDifficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-4 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 115. (p. 188) We would expect Porters model to predict _____, if he is correct. A. currency exchange rates B. membership in the WTO C. the pattern of international trade D. factor endowments AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-4 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 116. (p. 189) According to the new trade theory, firms that establish a(n) _____ advantage in terms of the production of a particular new product may subsequently dominate global trade in that product.A. competitive B. comparative C. absolute D. first-mover AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on Managerial Implications 117. (p. 189) The manufacture of standard electronic components is a _____ process requiring semi-skilled labor. A. low cost B. ca pital-intensive C. labor-intensive D. first-mover advantage AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on Managerial Implications 118. (p. 189) Because of their pivotal role in international trade, _____ can exert a strong influence on government trade policies.A. individual citizens B. voluntary organizations C. unions D. businesses AACSB Analytic BT Knowledge Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on Managerial Implications 119. (p. 190) Porters theory of national competitive advantage suggests that it is in the best interest of business for a firm to invest in upgrading advanced factors of production. The means for accomplishing this include all of the following EXCEPT A. increase research and development activities. B. provide better training for employees. C. adopt policies that eliminate competition.D. develop methods to improve the skill levels of workers. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Obj ective 5-5 Topic Focus on Managerial Implications 120. (p. 190) According to Porters theory, governments should be urged to _____ that will have a favorable impact on each component of the national diamond. A. increase trade barriers B. favor unionization C. adopt policies D. restrict import AACSB Analytic BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on Managerial Implications Essay Questions 121. p. 161, 164) What is meant by the term free trade? Was Adam Smith an advocate or critic of free trade? Is free trade congenial with the judgment of mercantilism? Free trade refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country. This concept was supported by Adam Smith, who argued that the invisible hand of the market mechanism, rather than government policy, should determine what a country imports and what it exports.The co ncept of mercantilism is not compatible with the concept of free trade. The main tenet of mercantilism is that it is in a countrys best interests to maintain a trade surplus by exporting more than it imports. Consistent with this belief, the mercantilist doctrine advocated government intervention to achieve a surplus in the balance of trade. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-1 Learning Objective 5-2 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory, Mercantilism 122. (p. 161) When does free trade occur?Free trade occurs when a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Easy Learning Objective 5-1 Topic An Overview of Trade Theory 123. (p. 165) fall upon Adam Smiths concept of absolute advantage. According to Smith, countries should specialize in the production of goods for wh ich they have an absolute advantage and then trade those goods for the goods produced by other countries.For instance, during Smiths time, England had an absolute advantage in the production of textiles, and France had an absolute advantage in the production of fuddle. According to the concept of absolute advantage, it then only makes sense for England to produce textiles (and export them to France), and France to produce wine (and export it to England). Smiths basic argument, therefore, was that a country should never produce goods at home that it can buy at a lower cost from other countries.Moreover, Smith argued that by specializing in the production of goods in which each has an absolute advantage, both countries benefit by engaging in trade. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Absolute Advantage 124. (p. 176) Describe the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of international trade. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory predicts that countries will export those goods that make intensive use of those factors that are locally abundant, while importing goods that make intensive use of factors that are locally scarce.Thus, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory attempts to explain the pattern of international trade that we see in the world economy. The Heckscher-Ohlin theory is consistent with the notion of free trade. It also has commonsense appeal, and there are many examples of international commerce that are supportive of the theory. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic Heckscher-Ohlin Theory 125. (p. 177) Describe the central tenant of the product life-cycle theory. Raymond Vernon initially proposed the product life-cycle theory in the mid-1960s.Vernons theory was based on the observation that for most of the 20th century a very large proportion of the worlds new products had been developed by U. S. firms and sold first in the U. S. market. It could be produced abroad at some low-cost location and then exported back into the United States. Vernon went on to argue that early in the life cycle of a typical new product, while demand is starting to grow rapidly in the United States, demand in other advanced countries is limited to high-income groups.The limited initial demand in other advanced countries does not make it worthwhile for firms in those countries to start producing the new product, but it does necessitate some exports from the United States to those countries. Over time, demand for the new product grows in other advanced countries (e. g. , Great Britain, France, Germany, and Japan). As it does, it becomes worthwhile for foreign producers to begin producing for their home markets. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic The Product Life-Cycle Theory 126. (p. 80, 182) Describe the new trade theory. How does the new trade theory help us understand why the United States is dominant in the world market for com mercial aircraft exports? New trade theory makes two important points First, through its impact on economies of scale, trade can increase the variety of goods available to consumers and decrease the average costs of those goods. Second, in those industries when the output required to attain economies of scale represents a significant proportion of total world demand, the global market may be able to support only a small number of enterprises.Thus, world trade in certain products may be dominated by countries whose firms were first movers in their production. In such industries, firms that enter the market first build a competitive advantage that is difficult to challenge. Thus, the observed pattern of trade between nations may in part be due to the ability of firms to capture first-mover advantages. New trade theorists argue that the United States is a major exporter of commercial common aircraft not because it is better endowed with the factors of production required to manufactur e aircraft, but because one of the first movers in the industry, Boeing, was a U. S. firm.This dominance is further reinforced because global demand may not be enough to profitably support another producer of midsized and large jet aircraft in the industry. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 127. (p. 181) Describe what is meant by first-mover advantages. First-mover advantages are the economic and strategic advantages that accrue to early entrants into an industry. The ability to capture scale economies ahead of later entrants, and thus benefit from a lower cost structure, is an important first-mover advantage.New trade theory argues that for those products where economies of scale are significant and represent a substantial proportion of world demand, the first movers in an industry can gain a scale-based cost advantage that later entrants find almost out(predicate) to match. AACSB Refl ective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-3 Topic New Trade Theory 128. (p. 184) Identify and describe the four attributes advanced by Porter. What did Porter conclude from his analysis? The four attributes identified by Porter are as followsFactor Endowments A nations position in factors of production such as skilled labor or the infrastructure necessary to compete in a given industry. Demand Conditions The nature of home demand for the industrys product or service. Relating and Supporting Industries The presence or absence in a nation of supplier industries and related industries that are internationally competitive. Firm Strategy, Structure, and competition The conditions in the nation governing how companies are created, organized, and managed and the nature of domestic rivalry.Porter speaks of these four attributes as constituting the diamond. He argues that firms are most likely to succeed in industries or industry segments where the diamond is m ost favorable. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-2 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 129. (p. 188) How does Porters theory predict patterns in international trade? If Porter is correct, we would expect his model to predict the pattern of international trade that we observe in the real world.Countries should be exporting products from those industries where all four components of the diamond are favorable, while importing in those areas where the components are not favorable. Is he correct? We simply do not know. Porters theory has not been subjected to detailed empirical testing. Much about the theory rings true, but the same can be said for the new trade theory, the theory of comparative advantage, and the Heckscher-Ohlin theory. It may be that each of these theories, which complement each other, explains something about the pattern of international trade.AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-4 Topic National Competitive Advantage Porters Diamond 130. (p. 190) What does Porters theory reference point about policy implications? Porters theory of national competitive advantage also contains policy implications. Porters theory suggests that it is in the best interest of business for a firm to invest in upgrading advanced factors of production for example, to invest in better training for its employees and to increase its commitment to research and development.It is also in the best interests of business to lobby the government to adopt policies that have a favorable impact on each component of the national diamond. Thus, according to Porter, businesses should urge government to increase investment in education, infrastructure, and basic research and to adopt policies that promote strong competition within domestic markets. AACSB Reflective thinking BT Comprehension Difficulty Medium Learning Objective 5-5 Topic Focus on Managerial Implications