Case Brief Essay Example for Free

Case Brief EssayMr. David R. Bullock filed an appeal from his convictions for attempted statutory rape, and attempted sexual exploitation of a minor. David R. Bullock put himself in numerous conversations via email and chat rooms with a Newton County Deputy Sheriff who was conducting a sting operation against pedophiles. The Deputy took on a persona of a thirteen year old female by the name of Ashley Anne. Many of the conversations that took repoint between Mr. Bullock and Ashley were of a sexual nature. During conversations between Mr. Bullock and Ashley, he discussed how he would want to engage in certain acts (sexual) with her and her friends (girls of younger age) and how he would like to video those acts. He informed Ashley that the conversations about meeting with her and her friends should not be discussed because it was not legal for them to meet. Eventually a meeting was scheduled for a cartridge clip and a place to meet and specific instructions were given to Ashley on how the meeting should take place. Ashley was told that upon her arrival to the specified location, she should meet Mr. Bullock in a specific area of that location.HistoryOn October 18, 2002, Mr. Bullock and the decoy Ashley were present at the specified location, along with computer and video equipment in his vehicle, which ultimately leads to the scram of Mr. Bullock. At the time of the arrest, Mr. Bullock did not deny having conversations with Ashley further explained that if she would arrive, he just wanted her to be counseled by the authorities on the dangers of meeting strangers on the internet. Mr. Bullock argues that his case is a case of entrapment and that he took no substantial beats towards committing the crimes he has been charged with. IssueThe sufficiency of the evidence is challenged and appellant claims an entrapment defense reaction for the reason that he was not predisposed to engage in the charged offenses, we shall toughened forth in greater detail a se ries of stingy internet and telephone communications between Appellant and thepurported3 victim than we usually would.HoldingFirst, Appellant does not admit that he committed the crimes for which he was convicted and, second, there is no evidence that Appellant was not predisposed, ready and willing to commit these crimes. Appellant did not meet his burden of injecting into the case a seemly case for entrapment.RationalAppellant tendered four jury instructions alleging the affirmative defense of entrapment. Appellant cites to the evidence that Ashley induced Appellant to take the substantial step of committing the crimes of statutory rape and sexual exploitation of a minor when he was not otherwise so inclined. Appellant contends that he was only willing to distill his fantasies, which was not a crime he was charged or convicted of, and he was not willing to act upon his fantasies without the inducement by Ashley. He notes that Ashley initiated the majority of contacts with A ppellant specifically, he claims Ashley initiated seventeen of the nineteen instant messages and four of the eight e-mails between her and Appellant. Appellant indicated the portions of the conversations where Ashley first proposed that Appellant come to Diamond and persisted in trying to set a firm date he claims he was reluctant to act on his desires. Appellants claim that he would not have committed the charged offenses but for the enticement by Ashley is not supported by the evidence.

Coke vs PepsiPepsi and Coke’s Uncivil Wars Essay Example for Free

Coke vs PepsiPepsi and Cokes Uncivil Wars EssayChapter 9 in Competition Demystified Uncivil Cola Wars Coke and Pepsi Confront the captives Dilemma What be the sources of competitive advantages in the soda industry? First we should look at industry structure. The cola companies buy raw materials of sugar, sweeteners and flavorings from more suppliers then they turn the commodities into a branded product which consists of syrup/concentrated combined with water and bottles. The companies are joined at the hip with their bottlers/distributors who then shit to many retail outlets. Selling bulky and heavy beverages lends itself to regional economies of scale advantages. The soda companies cannot operate successfully unless their bottlers and distributors are profitable and content whether company-owned or franchised. The humanity of barriers to entry indicates that the incumbents enjoy competitive advantages that potential entrants cannot match. In the soft drink world, the source s of these advantages are easy to identify. First, on the demand side, there is the kind of customer verity that network executives, beer brewers and car manufacturers only dream about.People who drink sodas drink them frequently (habit formation), and they relish a constancy of experience that keeps them ordering the same brand, no matter the circumstances. Both Coke and Pepsi exhibit the presence of barriers to entry and competitive advantagestable *ROE can be influenced by whether bottlers assets are hit or on the balance sheet Second, there are large economies of scale in the soda business both at the concentrate manufacturing business and bottler levels. Developing new products and advertizement existing ones are fixed costs, unrelated to the number of cases sold.Equally important, the distribution of soda to the consumer benefits from regional scale economies. The more customers there are in a given region, the more economical the distribution. A bottler of Coke, selling t he product to 40% to 50% of the soda drinkers in the food market area, is sacking to have lower costs than someone peddling Dr. Pepper to 5% to 56% of the drinkers. During the statesmen era of Pepsi and Coke, what actions did each of the companies take? Why did they help raise profitableness? Note the stability of market character and ROE.ROE dipped in 1980 and 1982 as Pepsi and Coke waged a price war. Yet, market shares did not change as a result of the price warboth companies were worse off. Pepsi gained market share in the late 1970s versus Coke. Coke was slow and clumsy to respond. impairment wars between two elephants in an industry with barriers to entry tend to flatten a lot of grass and make customers happy. They hardly ever result in a dead elephant. Still, there are better and worse ways of initiating a price contest. Coke chose the worst.Coke chose to lower concentrate prices on those regions where its share of the cola market was high (80%) and Pepsis low (20 percen t). This tactic ensured that for every dollar of revenue Pepsi gave up, Coke would surrender four dollars. Coke luckily highly-developed New Coke which allowed it to attack Pepsi in its dominant markets in a precise wayminimizing damage to Cokes profitsand force a truce in the price wars. They made visible moves to signal the other side that they intended to cooperate. Coca-Cola initiated the new era with a major corporate reorganization. afterwards buying up many of the bottlers and reorganizing the bottler network, it spun off 51% of the company owned bottlers to shareholders in a new entity, Coca-Cola Enterprises, and it loaded up on debt for this corporation. With so such(prenominal) debt to service, Coca-Cola Enterprises had to concentrate on the tangible requirements of cash flow rather than the chimera of gaining great hunks of market share from Pepsi. PepsiCo responded by dropping the Pepsi Challenge, toning down its aggressive advertising and thus signaling that it accepte d the truce.Profit margins improved. Operating profit margins went from 10% to 20% for Coca-Cola. Pepsi gain was less dramatic but also substantial. Both companies centre on ROE rather than market share and sales growth. The urge to grow, to hammer competitors and drive them out of business, or at least reduce their market share by a meaningful amount, had been a continual source of poor performance for companies that do have competitive advantages and a franchise, but are not content with it.

The Negatives of Cosmetic Surgery Essay Example for Free

The Negatives of Cosmetic Surgery EssayCosmetic Surgery, the thing that stack get but ends up going totally wrong. Many people argon against cosmetic surgery for legion(predicate) reason, health essay, the surgens that perform the surgery and many more. Lets learn further more about cosmetic surgery and other risk it has. What is cosmetic surgery? Cosmetic Surgery the reshaping of form parts through surgical procedures. Common cosmetic surgery procedures include breast reduction or enlargement, facelift, hair replacement, and liposuction. Cosmetic surgery is done to admire the appearance of a persons normal body structures. It also improve the appearance of a person and there body parts that are damaged by congenital defects, injury, burns, tumors, or diseases. But with all being done this can also lead to health risk as well. With this comes health risk, many reason why people are so against getting this done is because of the after math once you get the surgery done.For example as with any surgery, there is a risk of postoperative complications. Patients with a history of cardiovascular disease, lung disease, or obesity are at higher than average risk of developing pneumonia or having a stroke, a heart attack, or blood clots in the legs or lungs after surgery. Other risks include bleeding, infection, skin breakdown, or hookup of clear fluid (seroma) or blood (hematoma) beneath the incision (Opposing Viewpoints Online Collection). Sometimes cosmetic surgery dont produce the results the unhurried desires. This is often a problem with with the skill of the surgeon. There is always the negative impact of having a surgery done and being unhappy with the results.For example, people can botox, lip injections, locoweed tucks, liposucstion, etc. after getting it done and during the processe they look horrible from what they did before they go the procedures.The outcome may have been exactly what the physician described, but the patient still is unhappy w ith the results. Another primeexample is when after surgery the doctor writes up a proscription for the patient to esse the incommode but if anyone knew, doctors like over medicate their patience. There are some people that can be addicated to pain killers

The Controversial Topic Of Alcohol Advertisement

The Controversial Topic Of intoxicantic drink AdvertisementDo you cope straight off the death number due to intoxicant enjoyment in United Kingdom is 33,000 e very division(drinkaw ar.co.uk)And most of the blessed goes to Alcohol advert, which has been always a debatable topic to debate, most says its very such(prenominal) responsible for encouraging insobriety and some says inebriant addiction is personal choice, scarcely here its non the matter of does it pull ahead deglutition or not, but is intoxicant manufacture playing the role of being complaisant responsible and fol depressive disordering the morals which mass deserve to get? Alcohol advertizement has wipe out half of the advertizing industry, because intoxicant is culturally welcomed and is on the tip of the tastes for people which besides has its bad impression due to irresponsible and excessive drinking which turns out to be brformer(a)ly shock, and has created adverse health and social consequ ences, sometimes to be foresighted or short period. notwithstanding here the basic concern is spring chicken, who atomic number 18 the prime victim of inebriant and this tendency of inebriant consumption is key bother of every country today, but is alcohol advertizement atomic number 18 to be doomedd for not being socially responsible and good? Today UK is has much strict voluntary marks for alcohol advertisement so that the boundary can be send up. However even after the strict voluntary codes are regulated for alcohol advertisement the marketing and advertisement is blamed for this social shock, or alcohol industry is playing the positivity in the field of social responsibility, its very much Copernican to understand where is the problem? Can we blame alcohol advertisement to encourage drinking or it is influence of ending and personal choice people make.With the use of qualitative and decimal approach I bear tried to reach the objective of my query. My researc h get out discuss does alcohol advertisement is responsible enough to follows voluntary codes giveulated and proving themselves socially and ethically responsible? And another important blame necessary to be grouped out, is alcohol advertisement the right criteria to blame for encouraging drinking? What general of UK opinion about the fact of encouragement of alcohol consumption through advertisement? And what experts think about the bonk?CHAPTER ONEINTRODUCTIONWhat is alcohol advertisement? Does that really deserve and answer, because controversial topics ilk that do not need an creative activity but discussion They are never out of discussion. Today some facts about alcohol advertisement said by an expert that every year alcohol industry spends 600 to 800 million pounds on advertize and promoting it products, professor Gerard Hastings OBE Director institute of social mediaWhen I heard alcohol advertisement My premier-class honours degree reaction towards it was challengin g and soon I knew it was. The reason behind choosing a topic like this was practically exploring my knowledge in the field of marketing which go forth also allow myself to understand the real meaning of social responsibility and ethics, till now I have just read and heard them but I really doesnt know if they exist? This is the first time in my life I am doing something which I lead to anywhere and any way and since the alcohol advertisement is the issue then it brings interest with it. UK does allow the allow alcohol advertisement with some limitation which are regulated in form of voluntary codes, where as in India the alcohol advertisement are totally restricted, and this gave me chance to explore alcohol advertisement and have a close assist. My executive program was a real inspiration as she knew that this issue will enlarge my knowledge of marketing and also the responsibility and ethics it holds within itself.Billions of pounds are put on on alcohol advertisement but in response of billions how much effort is put socially and ethically? Alcohol advertisement is always controversial and debatable topic and so people do have right to understand and being part of something like alcohol which has always showed them trouble, does alcohol industry follows all the voluntary codes stated for alcohol advertisement, is alcohol industry paying enough attention to the social responsibility come with promoting alcohol or they are still into earning shares and profit. Some people say its alcohol behind encouragement of alcohol consumption and some think is personal decision but if we olfaction the both point of view if alcohol advertisement are made according to the voluntary codes restrict up then still the encouragement of drinking will be blamed on advertisement. But today even after strict voluntary codes and regulation it seems to be spirited drinking rate. So whom to blame alcohol advertisements or culture and self desire of people? My research in this paper holds the two important questions which are really needed to be answered to begin with things get out of our hands, firstly is alcohol advertisement socially and ethically responsible? And is alcohol advertisement right factor to blame for encouraging consumption of alcohol? UK has culture and beliefs which has high rate in alcohol consumption, the primary reasons behind alcohol is the moments which it gives is increasing the high take a chance on health of people and expectant kin to social problems like abvictimization , accidents, sexual harassments. And the to a greater extent importantly the youth whose roots are being habitat by alcohol it could be pocket-sized drinking consumption or over dose of alcohol consumption. So my research will focus on alcohol advertisement, but with limited issues covered in. unmatched reason behind alcohol advertisement is that its ingredient of marketing, and marketing creates want in people, it give birth to desire, which doesnt spe cified with superstar product but all and since here alcohol is the product which has most of the time negative impact. Despite the fact marketing has connects beingness together and showed the reality of every entity present on this earth but it has given variety of reason of being dishonest. The function and figure of marketing has been criticised because it is claimed that it measuredly creates partial truths about products and services and exploits the dismays and weaknesses of fellow human beings. Peter Drunker.Who should be really blamed? No one knows but pace of researchers, experts, medical organizations, social worker have worked hard enough to reach to a point, however everyone has different way to look at the issue. To understand this issue on that point thousand of research and survey interpreted place with money spend but no one still knows what else could be done to stop this destroying of the generation who could not understand the responsible drinking and keep ing it ahead of every entity in their lives.So with the limited reach I have conducted a research to know what these people actually think, about the alcohol advertisement and the impact it has on them and on the youth.PROBLEMSMay be after lining down some facts, will help me better to make understand the depth of the problem we have and how eagerly needs a solution.About 10 million people in England drink above the guidelines.UK has one of the highest rates of binge drinking in Europe.Up to 1 in 3 adult is at risk of lever disease due to alcohol consumption.33,000 deaths in UK due to alcohol. (sources www.drinkaware.co.uk)This is not the end but the start, these are just the symptoms and the problem is ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION which is one of the major causes to encourage alcohol consumption. in that location are various factors involved in encouragement of alcohol is starts from marketing, sports sponsorships , TV advertisement, movies, brands to cultural trend of UK which does has thrown out the fear of affects due to alcohol, parental inspirational to children.But if we look into more deep then alcohol marketing has more impact on alcohol consumption. So with bringing alcohol in light the two major issues which are taken care of is, Do alcohol advertisement following its social and ethical responsibilities by following the voluntary codes set up by United Kingdom? And the reason for which these restriction made on alcohol advertisement which is send wrong pass on of encouraging alcohol advertisement does has any real story. Yes another problem is do alcohol advertisement encourage drinking?If we look into what are past and present problem lightened by experts, Advertising standards authority an self regulator of advertize across all media in UK, there records says that culture year they received over 26,000 heraldic bearings which seemed to be complained due to breach the rules. As a result, nearly 2,500 ads were changed or withdrawn in 2008, thanks to a footslog of effective sanctions at our disposal and the cooperation of advertisers who respect our decisions. And on other hand the British medical Association says Alcohol consumption in the UK has increased quick in recent years, not just among young people, but across society. The existence is drinking in increasingly harmful ways and the result is a range of avoidable medical, psychological and social harm, damaged lives and early deaths. As consumption has increased, the market for alcohol has grown substantially. This has been driven by vast advanceal and marketing campaigns with the UK alcohol industry spending approximately 800m annually. (Source BMA) there are thousands of problem which has been raised due to alcohol advertisement affects not only youth but people of UK too.The National represent of Clinical Excellence (Nice) has said the government should consider a complete ban on alcohol advertisement in order to stop underage and binge drinking. (source http//www .brandrepublic.com/news/1007168/Government-advisers-support-ban-alcohol-ads/) what I understand here is every advertisement is made to reach out the population and inform them about the product and sell it and earn profit, so can we really blame alcohol industry or UK government? Its very much important the changing culture and trend which is adopted by our youth, by disrespecting their lives front of alcohol consumption.To understand and find a solution to this issue I have taken a research through qualitative and quantitative approach, so that the criteria can be fulfilled which needed by the alcohol advertisement, with my point of view and participants view on the issue I have tried to put down the solution and the key areas needed to be think on.OBJECTIVEThe main intention of this research paper is to understand the alcohol advertisement, and what are the disadvantages, it has carried out toward the society. How its own function to reach people and convey them the message behin d the product, has become the drawback. To find the explanation of blame on alcohol advertisement, and to what go alcohol advertisement can be blame for encouraging alcohol consumption. With self understanding of the research I have outline the project with discussions and proves, as utility(prenominal) data provided by experts.With the journey of conclusion the answers behind the controversies of alcohol advertisementMETHODLOGYWith several methods and technique any kind of research can be conducted but by keeping in the mind that the issue like alcohol advertisement is very subjective, I have taken the help of both the research methods, qualitative( observation) and quantitative ( survey via questionnaire) and of course the with help of secondary data of experts. The reason behind choosing the observation is that it makes the research descriptive and involves the researcher itself which help them to understand the need of the research, and what are the further requirement which will make the research successful. Another method which is survey, which is conducted to complete the research, is because of one main advantage that it has the scientific approach which allows creating and designing the structure of the desired result with flexibility.Secondary data is something which is doctor to use, and bring deep explanation to the research. The best advantage of secondary data is the time and cost effective verses primary data which need more pricy and time taking, and since I have gathered both primary and secondary data collection for the research paper. The basic reason to choose these methodologies, if we look into the first issue, does alcohol industry follows voluntary codes set up by UK government for alcohol advertisement? I have done observation and used secondary data to find the reason, as to find the answer to the question it was important to observe the advertisement broadcasting on television, public places, and to the places where a breach of code can be conducted. And use of secondary data was due to the journey which has been alcohol advertisement gone through the changes which were made due to unsatisfied and disceptation it has created. So this has given the observation of the experts and organization which have involved them in this research too.And to find the answer of another issue is alcohol advertisement is to blame for encouraging drinking? This was more of psychological based issue which needed to be answered by the people of UK, though survey via questionnaire which is designed with flexible questions and with the berth of opinion which can reflect their mentality of alcohol advertisement contribution in encouraging them to drink more, and again I have also taken help of secondary data which involves journals, articles, repots taken by expert.So my methodology for the research paper is combination of primary and secondary data which involves qualitative and quantitative research with following method like survey and observations.FINDINGS AND DISSCUSSIONWith giving out surveys to 100 people out of which 70 people responded about their opinion on alcohol advertisement, with the age group of 23 to 54 the survey was filled up and according to them it on them alcohol advertisement do not encourage drinking in the society they think its a personal choice, which they make 90% of them are not aware of the alcohol advertisement voluntary codes, which are set up by UK government so essentially its simple they even dont know what is legally allowed in alcohol advertisement to be broadcasted. These were the finding of survey conducted in Cardiff city. This result of survey can be put down in two ways, first that the participants are not aware about the alcohol advertisement voluntary codes, which are set up for the society itself, for the protection from the misleading message alcohol advertisement were giving in past. And another finding which is very much psychological based is not accepting the fact that alcohol advertisement do encourage drinking not in youth but in society too.IS ALCOHOL INDUSTRY RESPONSIBLE?What ASA wants to say?The Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) is the UKs independent regulator of advertisement across all media, including TV, internet, sales promotions and direct marketing. A recent survey conducted by ASA to ensure the alcohol advertisement are following alcohol advertising codes in 2008 2009 in the beginning December, during the period before Christmas the ASAs compliance team supervised and assessed all the alcohol advertisements with all the content being used for promotion of alcohol across all the media from 1 to 24 December. The survey showed a very mush positive result, out of 307 alcohol advertisements which were monitored only one of them was disrespect for breach of CAP code and none of the advertisement breached BCAP codes. With overall conformity are of 99.7% and reveal an improvement year to year over 2007 and 2008 survey wh ich were conducted before by ASA in a row, which is compliance rate of 97.4%(2007) and 98.9% (2008) were verified.The data projected by ASA showsMEDIANO. of adsNO. of breachesCompliance rate of mediaPRESS177199.4% outdoorsy330100%ONLINE310100%TV500100%RADIO160100%(Source by ASA) 2008 2009According to ASA alcohol industry is the alcohol ads picked up in the survey sample between 1 December and 24 December 2009, 0.3% breached the CAP Code, a compliance rate of 99.7%. That is an encouraging result and suggests the industry is acting responsibly within the self-regulatory system. The result is an improvement on the compliance rate of 98.9% from the 2008 survey and 97.4% from the 2007 survey. ASABut can we be relaxed after the data representations by ASA, if we really not need to be worried after this result then what expression, will one have after this advantageously projected alcohol advertisementIs this answerable? Is responsibility reflecting?In the recent discovery by expert Gera rd hasting, there were some producer who were found guilty in terms of neglecting voluntary codes setup for alcohol advertisement, he says as UK has chose for self regulatory control system which basically focuses on content of alcohol advertisement, and all this work is regulated by ASA, alcohol standard association and as the part of its alcohol inquiry, Gerard hasting found evidences which proves that the confabulation agencies and producer were targeting youth , and promoting alcohol. With some marketing document in hand following producers were found guilty to be breach the codes for alcohol advertisement.PRODUCER grassCOMMUNICATION AGENCYBEVERAGE BRANDSWKD (AN ALCOPOP)BIG COMMUNICATIONSBIRAY LEINO PRFIVE BY FIVE(DIGITAL)DIAGEOSMIRNOFF VODKAAKQAJWTHALEWOOD INTERNATIONALLAMBRINI ( A PERRY)SIDEKICK SHOTSBJLCHEETHAMBELL JWTMAOLSON COORS BREWING COMAPANYCARLINGBEATTIE McGuiness BUNGAY(BMB)(Source http//www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.b5650.full)Research has complete that alcohol adve rtising, like that for tobacco and fast food, influences behaviour. It encourages young people to drink alcohol sooner and in greater quantities. (Source http//www.bmj.com/content/340/bmj.b5650.full) with all the research and finding it does point out that social and ethical responsibility has some major concern, as per the survey taken by 70 general participants of UK even they have agrees to an extent that yes alcohol advertisement does encourage drinking to some extent. Starting with questionnaire people do agree to restrict alcohol advertisement to some extend which is very much reflecting the unseen picture of impact of alcohol advertisement in their eyes. They do accept that the alcohol advertisement do encourage drinking but they to a level deny the fact that alcohol advertisement encourage them personally to drink. With an explanation asked if they do accept that according to them if any alcohol advertisement do reflect the social responsibility and the total number of answe r to this was NO but if talk about their responsibility in considering to complaint about any of the unethical alcohol advertisement then it again comes too NO. To give an example, from my one of the observation while the research, I effected one of the beer advertisement which do write drink responsibly but this responsible behaviour of the alcohol advertisement was so much tiny that it could not be noticed. If we look into opinion of other experts and communicator than we have(Reuters) Britains system of self regulation on alcohol advertising is failing and companies are pushing the boundaries of codes of practice to lure in young drinkers, social marketing experts said Thursday. One of the main causes for encouraging drinking is the pricing which of course is associated with marketing. A very low pricing does attract people to drinking, today alcohol is cheaper than waterThe Labour government is coming under increasing pressure from health experts to consider place minimum w rongs for alcohol to curb widespread binge drinking by young people with access to cheap drink. Thursdays report was print by the British Medical daybook, whose deputy editor Trish Groves said it was now time to clamp down on alcohol promotion and set a minimum price per unit of alcohol to try to halt a rise in alcohol-related illness.It is time to put away the rhetoric that alcohol misuse is largely an individual(a) problem best avoided and managed through education, counselling, and medical treatment, she wrote in a commentary on the study.Instead, the UK needs to embrace the idea that the health and societal costs of alcohol misuse are best prevented through legislation on pricing and marketing.She noted that while the British government is spending 17.6 million pounds on alcohol education in 2009/10, that figure was dwarfed by the UK drinks industrys 600 million to 800 million pounds annual spend on promoting alcohol. Prime Minister Gordon Brown rejected a tribute from for efront medical officer Liam Donaldson last March that a minimum price of 50 pence should be set per unit of alcohol in England, a level which would nearly double the price of some cheap beers and wines. Donaldson said such a move would reduce the annual number of crimes by 46,000 and infirmary admissions by 100,000 while cutting absenteeism from work, saving 1 billion pounds a year.(Source http//uk.reuters.com/article/idUKTRE60K05Q20100121)ALCOHOL AND SPORTSIf alcohol industry is seriously following the voluntary codes set up by organizations then why still alcohol adverting is too blamed for encouraging drinking in society? Or is it that alcohol advertisement voluntary codes set up are not so restricted effective that they are able to stop the impact on the alcohol advertisement which is encouraging drinking if we look into the alcohol marketing in sports ground, that that may be the one of the strongest impact which has on alcohol consumption.Heineken sponsors European rugby.Acco rding to Portman group, a public relation body is tied up with companies like InBev and Carlsberg, and has estimated that alcohol firms spend an estimate amount around 150m to 200m on advertising and marketing in UK every year. Sport in many countries is god, and everyone worship god, but this is another form of marketing which means following the god, alcohol industry knows very well if not advertisement then why not to use the sports and sports players as the source of promotion of alcohol and this has proved to be right because recently there is very much rise in alcohol consumption, the specific period of while sports tournament takes place any of the store will provide alcohol on the cheap deals and if even though not, then the culture of UK do force them to consume them.According to Professor Ian Gilmore, president of the Royal College of Physicians and chairman of the Alcohol Health Alliance UK, backed calls for a ban on alcohol and sports sponsorship Notwithstanding the clai ms of their lobbyists, it is obvious that drinks industry sponsorship of sport is less about supporting an important part of our national culture and more brand positioning and profit. We need to ask whether this continued alliance and the mixed messages such deals send to young people and adults alike is actually appropriate.(Sourcehttp//www.guardian.co.uk/society/2009/nov/10/addiction-journal-alcohol-sport-sponsorship)But on other hand the following statement was urge The alcohol and advertising industries have welcomed a study that claims that a ban on alcohol sponsorship would not curb underage alcohol abuse. The Cardiff Business School study, published by the International Journal of Sports Marketing Sponsorship, found that there are no significant statistical correlations between sports sponsorship awareness and attitudes to alcohol use among underage drinkers. The survey asked 294 pupils aged 14-15 from louvre schools about their intentions to drink alcohol and to get drunk on the forthcoming weekend. The same students were also asked about their attitudes to drinking alcohol, their involvement in sport and a series of questions to determine their awareness of sponsors. The reports author, Dr Fiona Davies, says although alcohol sponsorship does play a part in perpetuating and normalising the culture of drunkenness, prohibition will not work on its own.And David Poley, chief executive of alcohol industry body The Portman Group, says the study provides evidence that sponsorship has a comparatively minor effect on drinking attitudes.(Sourcehttp//www.marketingweek.co.uk/alcohol-industry-welcomes-alcohol-sponsorship-report/3009929.article)ALCOHOL ADVERTISEMENT AND ITS effectuateWatching alcohol adverts on television may make young people drink more alcohol, according to a recent study published in Archives of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine,Researchers at the University of Connecticut asked nearly 2000 young people aged between 15 and 26 about how muc h they drank. The answers were compared with the amount spent on advertising alcohol on television in their area. The interviews were carried out over a two-year period. Some people were interviewed up to four times.The study revealed that American youths who watched more alcohol adverts tended to drink more alcohol too. For each extra advert watched in a month, the interviewees consumed one pct more alcohol. Across all age groups, for every extra dollar per head spent on adverts in each television area, alcohol consumption rose by three pct.They concluded that alcohol advertising contributes to increase drinking among young people. The study also seemed to undermine previous claims that alcohol advertising has no effect on underage drinkers.It focused on advertising spending information rather than asking interviewees to estimate how many alcohol adverts they had seen.(SOURCEhttp//www.bupa.co.uk/health_information/ hypertext mark-up language/health_news/060106alcoholadvertising.htm lSnyder L, Milici F, Slater M, Sun H, Strizhakova Y. Effects of Alcohol Advertising Exposure on Drinking Among offspring. Archives of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2006 one hundred sixty18-24.)The National Institute of Clinical Excellence (Nice) has said the government should consider a complete ban on alcohol advertising in order to stop underage and binge drinking. Nice, which also called for a minimum price to be imposed on alcoholic drinks, has issued a 91-page document which claims that one in four adults in England is drinking what it deemed a dangerous amount of alcohol, which it says costs the NHS about 2.7bn a year. The report suggests a number of changes to marketing legislation, which it claims could stem alcohol abuse. The report says There is evidence that alcohol advertising does affect children and young people.One of its proposals is a complete alcohol advertising ban to protect children and young people from moving-picture show to alcohol advertising.The re port goes on to propose a review of rules, suggesting that new limits are set by the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) to reduce the proportion of children assailable to alcohol, and ensure that all alcohol advertising particularly when it involves new media and product placement, is covered by a stringent regulatory system.(Sourcehttp//www.brandrepublic.com/news/1007168/Government-advisers-support-ban-alcohol-ads/)EXPERIMENT 1Objective To test whether alcohol advertising expenditures and the degree of exposure to alcohol advertisements affect alcohol consumption by youth.Design Longitudinal panel using telephone surveys.Setting Households in 24 US media markets, April 1999 to February 2001.Participants Individuals aged 15 to 26 years were randomly sampled within households and households within media markets. Markets were systematically selected from the top 75 media markets, representing 79% of the US population. The baseline refusal rate was 24%. Sample sizes per wave were 1 872, 1173, 787, and 588. Data on alcohol advertising expenditures on television, radio, billboards, and newspapers were collected.Main Exposures Market alcohol advertising expenditures per capita and self-reported alcohol advertising exposure in the prior month.Main Outcome Measure Self-reported number of alcoholic drinks consumed in the prior month.Results Youth who truism more alcohol advertisements on average drank more (each additional advertisement seen increased the number of drinks consumed by 1% event rate ratio, 1.01 95% faith interval, 1.01-1.02). Youth in markets with greater alcohol advertising expenditures drank more (each additional dollar spent per capita raised the number of drinks consumed by 3% event rate ratio, 1.03 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.05). Examining only youth younger than the legal drinking age of 21 years, alcohol advertisement exposure and expenditures still related to drinking. Youth in markets with more alcohol advertisements showed increases i n drinking levels into their late 20s, but drinking platitude in the early 20s for youth in markets with fewer advertisements. Control variables included age, gender, ethnicity, high school or college enrolment, and alcohol sales.Conclusion Alcohol advertising contributes to increase drinking among youth.(Source http//archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/1/18, Leslie B. Snyder, PhD Frances Fleming Milici, PhD Michael Slater, PhD Helen Sun, MA Yuliya Strizhakova, PhD Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006 16018-24.)OTHER EXPERIMENTBY NATIONAL INSTITUTE ON ALCOHOL ABUSE AND ALCOHOLISM RESEARCH MONOGRAPH 28Alcohol beverage advertisers are exploring a variety of ways to protect and extend their reach. Brewers are the most vigorous in this effort. Faced with similar problem, a marketing study reported, much other industry would have pulled in their marketing horn long ago. The brewing industrys response has been almost the opposite. It is doing everything possible to attract new custo mers, and one brewing industry executive calls it a panic (Hume 1985, p.16) while most beer advertising budgets shrank, the top three beer brands increased their advertising by more than 20 percent (Nutrition Action Health letter 1992).By McCarty and EwingExperiment was conducted by McCarty and Ewing (1983). The subjects viewed a set of magazine ad glidings for eight distilled spirit products or for non alcohol products as part of a supposed evaluation of sexual stimuli in advertising messages. In the counterbalanced design, half see the alcohol ads first and half saw them following the non alcohol ads a second manipulation involved access to a distilled spirit mixed drink versus a soft drink before evaluating the slides. During a break between exposure sessions, all subjects fixed drinks with liquor and mixers at a private bar before viewing the opposite set of slides. Each ad was shown for 30 seconds initially and 2.5 minutes during a later group discussion of sexual content. Th ere was no significant main effect of advertising on amount of liquor poured, rate of consumption, or blood alcohol content (BAC) level on a breath testing whatchamacallit at the end of the study. However there was a significant interaction among subjects in the alcohol pre drink condition, those viewing alcohol ads in the second slide session following the break had higher BAC scores than subjects who viewed these slides first. The author concluded that the higher blood alcohol levels suggest that alcoholic advertisi

Demand and Supply Theory for Sugar

Demand and Supply Theory for SugarSugar is lithe chicken feed from cane and beet molasses squeeze made. Sugar in the production, packaging, transportation, storage process, it is easy to contaminate the pathogenic microorganisms. Especially to store much than one year, the colourize yellow lettuce, often contaminated meats. harmonize to the experiment, from 500 grams of lettuce, he even checked out 15,000 mites. If concourse eat swag was contaminated mites, parasitic mites enters the digestive tract, causing abdominal pain, diarrhea and other symptoms, and some even cause allergic reactions. If the infant or elderly fodders directly into the pollution raw dinero, in all probability due suffocation and other mites into the lungs and cause asthma or hemoptysis, complicated by bronchitis or pneumonia and easily.Sugar, divided into two categories, namely, dulcorate, white wampumpeag and cotton. White dulcify is sucrose crystals, generally more than 99.8% purity, from a chem ical point of view, this is a very pure substance. White sugar has a pure sucrose sweetness, in addition to direct consumption, still likewise the main(prenominal) varieties of industrial sugar. Cotton, sugar, cane sugar is fine grains are wrapped in a layer of invert sugar syrup made of, its purity and white sugar considerably. Here invert sugar plays a soft, flavored, functions as a co sweet. This is because the invert sugar having a honey-like scent (the main component of honey is invert sugar) which is greater than the sweetness of sucrose (sweetness of sucrose is 1, the conversion of sugar sweetness 1.2), invert sugar than the ability to maintain a strong absorption of sugar pills soft, so soft sugar taste better than white sugar. Soft white sugar optimum direct human consumption, it is preferred to eat cold drinks cold, but non used to make advanced pastries.Sugar is one of the main bug of nutrition for the body, the bodys consumption of thermal energy produced should be maintained after glucose oxidation, the energy needed by the body activity by about 70% of the sugar supply. Sugar nutrients, but should be envisionled within a certain number range. In the end how much sugar a person the veracious of foreign opinion more consistent day to eat are daily per kilogram of body weight tick off in about 0.5 grams. That is, the weight of 20 kg per day for children less than 10 grams, 60-kg adult, about 30 grams per day. So, usually to grasp the amount of sugar in food, in order to bend over-feeding.Depending on the process of sugar, cane sugar, white sugar and carbonation curing can be divided into sugar. Because sugar carbonation shelf life longer, better quality, the cost is comparatively high sugar cure.Sugar sulfide, sulfurous clarifying technology is a typical pure juice and syrup decolorization method in the production of industrial sugar, because the law has less equipment, process is relatively simple, easy to manage and so on. However, wit h carbonic clarifying technology comparison, due to the soft process of clarifying the main workers rely on calcium phosphate and calcium sul blubbere to adsorb impurities in the juice, syrup and sulfur bleaching effect are based on the precept of the reduction reaction, therefore, Asia sulfuric acid produced sugar white sugar quality is often poor, long after the home as well as yellowing phenomenon. In general, the sulfite method of sugar production of white sugar sucrose products are likely to meet the requirements of the physical and chemical indicators, only individual, non-sugar index can not meet the requirement, which is Sulfitation sugar white sugar causes of poor quality. Thus the color values of white sugar production up to about 150IU, even more than 200IU high. Obviously, to improve the quality of Sulfitation sugar, white sugar is bound to reduce the value of the product color.Carbonized sugar, sugar carbon method features with lime and carbon dioxide as a clarifying ag ent to clarify the method is called carbonation juice with carbonated process production of sugar called carbonation sugar, likewise known as carbon (acid) method sugar. change produced using sugar, in addition to more than a non-glycoside Shakespeare sulfuric acid method, the obtained high purity refined sugar, lower color values, less sulfur, can be stored for a long time without discoloration. However, the carbonation process is more complex, required more machinery and equipment, consumes a lot of lime and carbon dioxide, and thus a higher personify of production.As agricultural products, national sugar production ordain inevitably be take uped by floods and droughts and other natural disasters, weather, natural disasters in new-fashioned years, the wallop on sugar production is particularly evident. Climate. Sugarcane in the growing season with a high temperature, light intensity, water shoot, absorption of fat and more features, therefore, constitute the climatic resou rces of heat, light, water and other conditions have a special dependency. Droughts, floods, high winds, hail, frost and other weather have low impact on the growing disaster in sugarcane, and this effect is long-term, once formed. At the end of 1999 in the main producing areas of frost China cane occurred, allowing rotation germination rate decreased, resulting in the 1999/00 sugar production more than 200 million tons of sugar.With international fossil oil scathes rising, some countries to reduce dependence on oil joined the search for sugarcane ethanol and other bio-system alternative energy, sugar cane is no longer solely as an agricultural product, the sugar securities industry has become increasingly look as an energy product, oil determine changes affect not only the global economic situation, the impact of international shipping, but also the influence of alcohol production, thereby affecting the global sugar production. in that respectfore, the oil terms changes will inevitably affect the trend of sugar prices.According to demand theory, demand is the number of goods bought at a particular place and time with the current price and time. If an item on the demand is affected by its own price (P), income level (Y), and the price of other commodities (X), and assuming a constant press stud of demand, the demand can be exponentially mathematically denotative in terms of a demand function as Eq.When prices rise, demand reduction, there will be more suppliers, and lead to increased supply. This concept in reality refers Supply Act. Supply Act refers to suppliers more willing to sell more products at a higher price, rather than at a lower price. It also said that these suppliers will try to increase production in that period, in order to increase their profits. For example, when the price of sugar is increasing, the quantity demanded will be change magnitude while the quantity supplied will be increasing as well.There are indications that demand fa ctors explain why sugar is inelastic. First, complementary products. Complementary products such(prenominal)(prenominal) as sugar are often flexible. For example, if the sugar prices, the demand for coffee will decrease. Coffee changing demand curve to the left. It is the price of sugar, because they need to demand a negative correlation between coffee each other at the same time.There are other factors that will affect the elasticity, such as the substitution of the closeness, the proportion of income spent on the good, the time elapsed since the price change. First, substitution of the approximation degree. Sugar is a necessity of goods, it has a calorie-free alternative, therefore considered inelastic demand. Second, the proportion of income spent on good. We spend a very small proportion of sugar daily income. Thus, sugar is inelastic demand. Finally, the time, because the price changes through. Elasticity of demand depends on whether the value of the sugar can live a very lon g time. In this case, the sugar is inelastic, and therefore a greater elasticity of demand. Instead of sugar, for example, in a long time, consumers will find, because they have no choice but to set the price.When the high sugar prices, supply will be higher, and because providers can earn more profits, while demand will be lower. Therefore, it would result in a exorbitance of graphics. When there is a surplus of supply over demand, excess quantity quantity certain price. In surplus supply and demand curves represented by the above equaliser price point. When the presence of excess product oversupply buyers to choose from, you may pay less for goods and services. For sellers, they are working with other suppliers to compete for customers and their prices will fall, but also their sales.Sugar prices, sugar subsidies due to the Malaysian disposal. giving medication subsidies are paid to producers by reducing the price paid by the buyer, the seller increases the price received. The re are effects of subsidies, such as falling prices and increasing supply. Subsidies to reduce the price of sugar and increase the supply of sugar. In addition, the political science paid to the supplier. Government subsidies to pay for each ton of sugar suppliers of sugar. For example, suppliers to increase their supply of 60 million tons of sugar a year receive $ 20 a ton of subsidies. Suppliers receive payments from the government.The government is using the concept of price ceiling to control the sugar market. According to the come aftering chart, the price ceiling is below the equilibrium price set by the government price. Government price ceiling for the sugar market applications for several reasons. First, in order to prevent the black market. The outlaw(prenominal) black market is a market equilibrium price exceeds the ceiling price. For example, some suppliers may sell their products and buyers above the government-set price.Most foods contain sugar, so sugar prices will directly affect the price of food and other indirect effects of rising prices. Because most of the time, businesses will be because some products from government control and the opportunity to adjust the price of the goods. Recently, Malaysia, rising prices, throng attracted a lot of criticism, seafood, vegetables, gasoline, transportation, postal services, etc., are the price a lot. Because the level of inflation in Malaysia has reached a new high in six years. Consumer hurt Index, referred to as the CPI rose 3.2%, mainly due to food and non-alcoholic beverages and transport prices.(Refference http//www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php? woof=com_contentview=articleid=2267%3Aconsumer-price-index-malaysia-january-2014-updated-1922014catid=48%3Aconsumer-price-index-malaysia-lang=en)Consumers in Malaysia, there are a variety of menus for their daily diet, sugar is the most important asset, its a. Therefore, the sugar market is an important factor in the Malaysian economy.Sugar is needed in life, so the sugar industry is very important. In addition, the evolution of the food processing industry leads to the expansion of the sugar industry. Recently, the Malaysian government has decided to cancel or reduce sugar subsidies. Opening in 2010, the government began to reduce sugar subsidies, which will lead to an increase in sugar prices. There are two parties who damaged consumers and food vendor.When the study has been completed, the results show that the food sellers had to increase the price of its products, but not directly because of the price of sugar. Price increase is due to rising prices of other products. The removal of subsidies to the sugar industry led to increased product prices by the government, as well as sugar. fell food sellers income. Shortage occurred because the industry tends to use sugar, sugar prices from wholesalers to buy cheaper than buying from the sugar industry itself. Consumers and sellers of food from the impact of the shortage.In addition, the increase in sugar may occur again in the next time, because the government wants to gradually reduce the price of sugar subsidies. Therefore, through this research, I can educate the fraternity to prepare for the consequences they may face in the future.Sugar is an inevitable product does not replace sugar, so its elasticity of demand. However, the sugar market does not follow the law of demand. In order to explain the reasons for the increased demand for sugar, and even raised the price because of the situation in various parts of Malaysia. Consumers worried the government will once again raised the price of sugar. Thus, in the first case, demand is inelastic, however, increased again when the sugar, sugar market that it is slightly returned to normal, although it still does not follow the law of demand.The Government should be aware that could lead to food retailers and should recognize that consumers face problems affecting the country. Consumers should be aware o f the burden faced by food retailers, do not blame them, when the price of their products increases. Perhaps consumers will reduce consumption and increase imports of good local good consumer, rather than parcel the country.As a conclusion, sugar has a very broad topic to talk about, especially in Malaysia, where the sugar supply and demand, price ceilings and subsidies and price elasticity of sugar can be linked together in the economic field. Brought a lot of influence from the government-imposed policy to the sugar industry in Malaysia, such as the price ceiling. Until today, the price of sugar in Malaysia is still relatively low compared with other countries, because the price ceiling and sugar subsidy policy. However, the low price of sugar in both leaded and lead to high consumption of sugar diabetes. To create a healthy lifestyle, the Government proposes to cut subsidies and educate the people by consuming less sugar to create a healthy lifestyle.I think, the incremental pri ce of sugar can positively and negatively affect consumers. This is a positive effect, because as prices rise, demand reduction of sugar consumption has done. Excessive intake of sugar harmful. In Malaysia, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has been on the rise, and even children were reported to be obese in the past few years. For example, the US government imposed restriction sugar American consumers. This allows the American people to buy sugar for a cheaper price, so that they consume a lot of this year a total of up to 150 pound average sugars. They not only suffer from the financial burden of health care, but also for the health care burden. In contrast, the negative effects of sugar increment that consumer disbursal will increase. This is because the consumers willingness to have to spend more money to buy sugar, and its complementary products, such as sweetened condensed milk and soft drinks.Incremental demand for sugar can cause by population, income and food consum ption of consumer preferences. Changes in sugar prices are due to push prices higher, in order to satisfy the equilibrium price and quantity to meet the buyers and sellers of market forces. In addition, increasing the price of sugar can help people by reducing sugar intake to control their sugar consumption. However, the high price of sugar to the burden on consumers to increase their spending on food expenditure in terms.(2517 words)References-(n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2015, from http//www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=2267consumer-price-index-malaysia-january-2014-updated-1922014catid=48consumer-price-index-malaysia-lang=en-High sugar prices hit MSM bottomline Business nakeds The Star Online. (n.d.). Retrieved March 1, 2015, from http//www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2013/03/05/High-sugar-prices-hit-MSM-bottomline/?style=biz-Retailers warn of sugar price lift if subsidy is removed club The Star Online. (n.d.). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http//www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2013/10/12/Retailers-warn-of-sugar-price-hike-if-subsidy-is-removed/-Sugar subsidy removal more bane than boon, say consumers Community The Star Online. (n.d.). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http//www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2013/10/28/A-nottoosweet-surprise-Sugar-subsidy-removal-more-bane-than-boon-say-consumers/-Keep prices reasonable, associations advised Community The Star Online. (n.d.). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http//www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2013/10/29/Keep-prices-reasonable-associations-advised/-Hope food outlets dont raise prices Letters The Star Online. (n.d.). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http//www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Letters/2013/10/30/Hope-food-outlets-dont-raise-prices/-The recent price hike is affecting small traders of Chinese New Year snacks Community The Star Online. (n.d.). Retrieved March 2, 2015, from http//www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2014/01/23/Cookie-costs-increasing-Th e-recent-price-hike-is-affecting-small-traders-of-Chinese-New-Year-snacks/-Shahrir calls for end to sugar monopolies The Rakyat Post. (2013, October 30). Retrieved March 3, 2015, from http//www.therakyatpost.com/news/2013/10/30/shahrir-calls-for-end-to-sugar-monopolies/-Sugar subsidy of 34 sen to be cut from tomorrow The Rakyat Post. (2013, October 25). Retrieved March 3, 2015, from http//www.therakyatpost.com/news/2013/10/25/sugar-subsidy-of-34-sen-to-be-cut-from-tomorrow/

Female Genital Mutilation Essay -- Culture Cultural Genital Mutilation

Female Genital MutilationFGM originated in Africa. It was, and remains, a cultural, non a religious practice. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is also know as female circumcision is performed on young women before they reach puberty. at that place be three types of FGM practiced. One is Sunna circumcision in which the tip of the clitoris and/or its covering (prepuce) are removed, Clitoridectomy where the entire clitoris, the prepuce and adjacent labia are removed, and Infibulation (a.k.a. Pharaonic circumcision) which is a clitoridectomy followed by sewing up of the vulva. Only a subatomic opening is left to allow urine and menstrual product line to pass. In all types of FGM, the vagina is sown up until the female is ready to need cozy intercourse with her spouse or give birth to a child. The stay sides of the vulva are stitched together to close up the vagina, except for a small opening, which is preserved with slivers of wood or matchsticks. This leaves them with reduced or n o informal feeling. Orgasms are sometimes impossible to experience later in life. Many wellness problems are a result of this traditional ceremony. Most women that do not go through female genital mutilation do not get marry or society looks raft on them, because women are viewed as refreshing and more desirable if FGM has been performed on them. These are the various types of FGM that the men uphold, but it is the women who usually do the cutting. The women that do the cutting are known as Circumcisers and usually are elderly women figures in the tribe, who went through the same trauma of FGM when they were young girls. Many women who go for expressed their experience openly to someone have described scenes such as a group rape. They describe being powerless, held down ... ...girl is the center of attention and receives presents and moral instruction from her elders. Lastly, it creates a bond amid the generations, as all women in that society must undergo it and thus have s hared an important experience. She also went on to say that by eliminating a womens physical sex drive, circumcision made marriages more secure, and thus provided greater constancy for families. She ended by saying, Perhaps Americans, with their high rates of crime and teenaged pregnancy, had things backwards. While leaving out any personal opinion, we leave a question think about. From the background information of FGM, and the two stories of women who have departed through FGM and have run from it, Is it right for Westerners to impose their views and common experiences to a unknown nation that traditionally for thousands of years practiced Female Genital Mutilation? Female Genital Mutilation Essay -- Culture Cultural Genital MutilationFemale Genital MutilationFGM originated in Africa. It was, and remains, a cultural, not a religious practice. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is also known as female circumcision is performed on young women before they reach puber ty. There are three types of FGM practiced. One is Sunna circumcision in which the tip of the clitoris and/or its covering (prepuce) are removed, Clitoridectomy where the entire clitoris, the prepuce and adjacent labia are removed, and Infibulation (a.k.a. Pharaonic circumcision) which is a clitoridectomy followed by sewing up of the vulva. Only a small opening is left to allow urine and menstrual blood to pass. In all types of FGM, the vagina is sown up until the female is ready to have sexual intercourse with her spouse or give birth to a child. The remaining sides of the vulva are stitched together to close up the vagina, except for a small opening, which is preserved with slivers of wood or matchsticks. This leaves them with reduced or no sexual feeling. Orgasms are sometimes impossible to experience later in life. Many health problems are a result of this traditional ceremony. Most women that do not go through female genital mutilation do not get married or society looks down o n them, because women are viewed as clean and more desirable if FGM has been performed on them. These are the various types of FGM that the men uphold, but it is the women who usually do the cutting. The women that do the cutting are known as Circumcisers and usually are elderly women figures in the tribe, who went through the same trauma of FGM when they were young girls. Many women who have expressed their experience openly to someone have described scenes such as a group rape. They describe being powerless, held down ... ...girl is the center of attention and receives presents and moral instruction from her elders. Lastly, it creates a bond between the generations, as all women in that society must undergo it and thus have shared an important experience. She also went on to say that by eliminating a womens physical sex drive, circumcision made marriages more secure, and thus provided greater stability for families. She ended by saying, Perhaps Americans, with their high rates of crime and teenage pregnancy, had things backwards. While leaving out any personal opinion, we leave a question think about. From the background information of FGM, and the two stories of women who have gone through FGM and have run from it, Is it right for Westerners to impose their views and common experiences to a foreign nation that traditionally for thousands of years practiced Female Genital Mutilation?

Margaret Hilda Thatcher Essay examples -- essays research papers

Margaret Hilda Thatcher     Margaret Hilda Thatchers overwhelming sense of self-confidence andambition ruled her lifetime from the time she was a gnomish child in Grantham, thoughher Oxford classs and during her early years in politics. It led her to becomethe first female rash Minister of Great Britain, and similarly helped through herdifficult political years as "Attila the Hun".     Britains first female Prime Minister was born on October 13, 1925 in asmall way of life over a grocers shop in Grandham, England. Margaret Hilda was thesecond daughter of Alfred and Beatrice Roberts. She often stated that she wasbrought up very strictlyI owe everything in my life to two things a good home, and a good education.My home was ordinary, but good in the sense that my parents were passionatelyinterested in the future of my child and myself. At the same time, they gaveus a good education - non only in school, but at home as well (Gardine r, 1975,p.13).As a child, thrift and practicality were instilled in Margaretscharacter. The Methodist church played an active part in the lives of theRoberts. She attended good schools as a child and dog-tired her years studying withthe intent of attending Oxford. Margaret arrived at Oxford in the autumn of1943. During her years here, Margaret worked in a canteen for the war effort,continued her interest in music by joining various choirs and joined the OxfordUniversity Conservative Association where she became very active in itspolitical activities.     After Oxford, Margaret became the youngest female candidate of theDartford Association. She was on the side engaged to Denis Thatcher at thistime, and they married in December 1951. Twins were born the following year.During this period, she studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1954. In thesame year she was a candidate for the Oysington Conservative Association.     Margaret won in a Tor y landslide at Finchley, a suburb of London in 1959.Her parliamentary career had begun. A stroke of good luck gave her theopportunity of presenting her first bill almost immediately. This bill was toallow the press to attend the meetings of the local councils. The bill waseventually passed and it greatly enhanced her reputation. In 1964 she was partof the opposition... ... "ideology isempirical and instinctive, but not the product of great study or reflection, andit amounts to a rather simple (though not unsophisticated) radicallibertarianism"(Mayer, 1979, p.11). Mayer goes on to say that she is hardly amother-figure for a nation. Though she is caring and considerate with closeassociates, she does not project warmth or humor. The unexclusive sees her as astrict nanny, not a loving mommy. She is tough minded and has great stamina anda tenacious spirit. Thatcher has stated that she has never doubted her vestigial convictions.     Margaret Thatcher grew up in an era when women were not normallysuccessful as politicians or as business women. Even so, she managed totransform her sex from a indebtedness to a major political asset. She may havebeen unpopular at times due to her approach to life and politics, but a "softer"female Prime Minister might not have been as effective. Recognition was earnedthrough her overwhelming sense of ambition and dedication to the job "Thatcher,Milk abductor muscle" was bestowed the title Baroness and there-by received therecognition that she had craved all her life.